diff --git a/assets/webui/index.html b/assets/webui/index.html
index f357bf6..92aa235 100644
--- a/assets/webui/index.html
+++ b/assets/webui/index.html
@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@
 				<button id="continuousButton" class="button" type="button" data-short="连" title="连续显示" aria-label="连续显示" aria-pressed="false" disabled>连续</button>
 				<button id="annotationButton" class="button" type="button" data-short="注" title="隐藏注解" aria-label="隐藏注解" aria-pressed="true">注解</button>
 			</div>
-			<div class="tool-group" role="group" aria-labelledby="exportLabel">
-				<span id="exportLabel" class="tool-label">导出</span>
+			<div class="tool-group" role="group" aria-label="导出">
 				<select id="exportFormat" class="format-select" title="导出格式" aria-label="导出格式" disabled></select>
 				<select id="imageDPI" class="format-select dpi-select" title="导出DPI（仅PNG/JPG）" aria-label="导出DPI" disabled>
 					<option value="96">96 dpi</option>
diff --git a/assets/webui/ofdgo.css b/assets/webui/ofdgo.css
index 19d4dfb..c70ab0d 100644
--- a/assets/webui/ofdgo.css
+++ b/assets/webui/ofdgo.css
@@ -623,11 +623,6 @@ button:not(:disabled):hover {
 	width: 79px;
 }
 
-.tool-label {
-	color: var(--text-muted);
-	white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
 .form-dialog {
 	inset: 0;
 	width: 320px;
diff --git a/ofdgo_backend.go b/ofdgo_backend.go
index 2da2859..0e48b4c 100644
--- a/ofdgo_backend.go
+++ b/ofdgo_backend.go
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func WithRenderBackends(backends RenderBackends) RendererOption {
 	}
 }
 
-// sameBackend 判断可比较值配置是否未变，指针配置重新应用时刷新可变状态
+// sameBackend 判断不可变值配置是否未变，包含指针的配置重新应用时刷新可变状态
 // 入参: left 原后端, right 新后端
 // 返回: bool 是否为同一配置
 func sameBackend(left, right Backend) bool {
@@ -198,7 +198,32 @@ func sameBackend(left, right Backend) bool {
 		return left == nil && right == nil
 	}
 	a, b := reflect.ValueOf(left), reflect.ValueOf(right)
-	return a.Kind() != reflect.Pointer && b.Kind() != reflect.Pointer && a.Comparable() && b.Comparable() && left == right
+	return a.Comparable() && b.Comparable() && left == right && immutableBackendValue(a)
+}
+
+// immutableBackendValue 检查嵌套配置是否仅包含不可变值，不绑定具体后端类型
+// 入参: value 配置值
+// 返回: bool 是否可按值比较复用
+func immutableBackendValue(value reflect.Value) bool {
+	switch value.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Pointer, reflect.UnsafePointer, reflect.Chan, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice, reflect.Func:
+		return false
+	case reflect.Interface:
+		return value.IsNil() || immutableBackendValue(value.Elem())
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		for i := range value.NumField() {
+			if !immutableBackendValue(value.Field(i)) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.Array:
+		for i := range value.Len() {
+			if !immutableBackendValue(value.Index(i)) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true
 }
 
 // Backends 返回当前后端配置副本，可修改后通过WithRenderBackends应用
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor.go b/ofdgo_editor.go
index 7e88ccb..056cbe9 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor.go
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ func (e *Editor) AddFont(file FontFile, index int) (string, error) {
 		extension = ".otf"
 	}
 	resource := editorResource{
-		name: e.resourceDirectory() + "/Font_" + id + extension,
+		name: e.packageName("Res/Fonts/Font_" + id + extension),
 		data: data,
 		font: &Font{
 			ID: id, FontName: name,
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ func (e *Editor) AddFont(file FontFile, index int) (string, error) {
 			FixedWidth: sfnt.Post.IsFixedPitch != 0,
 		},
 	}
-	resource.font.FontFile = "Font_" + id + extension
+	resource.font.FontFile = "/" + resource.name
 	e.resources = append(e.resources, resource)
 	e.fonts[id] = sfnt
 	e.resourceID[key] = id
@@ -655,11 +655,11 @@ func (e *Editor) AddImage(data []byte) (string, error) {
 	} else if extension == "jbig2" {
 		extension = "jb2"
 	}
-	name := "Image_" + id + "." + extension
+	name := e.packageName("Res/Images/Image_" + id + "." + extension)
 	e.resources = append(e.resources, editorResource{
-		name:  e.resourceDirectory() + "/" + name,
+		name:  name,
 		data:  bytes.Clone(data),
-		image: &MultiMedia{ID: id, Type: "Image", Format: strings.ToUpper(format), MediaFile: name},
+		image: &MultiMedia{ID: id, Type: "Image", Format: strings.ToUpper(format), MediaFile: "/" + name},
 	})
 	e.images[id] = image.Pt(config.Width, config.Height)
 	e.resourceID[key] = id
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_annot.go b/ofdgo_editor_annot.go
index a29cfa0..0266faa 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_annot.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_annot.go
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ func (e *Editor) editAnnotations(index int, ids []string, edit func([]byte, *edi
 	found := make(map[string]bool, len(ids))
 	remaining := 0
 	for _, ref := range root.children {
-		if ref.name.Local != "Page" || ref.name.Space != root.name.Space {
+		if !packageOFDNode(ref, "Page") {
 			continue
 		}
 		remaining++
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func (e *Editor) editAnnotations(index int, ids []string, edit func([]byte, *edi
 		var changes []editorXMLPatch
 		count := 0
 		for _, node := range page.children {
-			if node.name.Local != "Annot" || node.name.Space != page.name.Space {
+			if !packageOFDNode(node, "Annot") {
 				continue
 			}
 			count++
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (e *Editor) editAnnotations(index int, ids []string, edit func([]byte, *edi
 		}
 		sharedFile := false
 		for _, other := range root.children {
-			if other == ref || other.name.Local != "Page" || other.name.Space != root.name.Space || other.child("FileLoc") == nil {
+			if other == ref || !packageOFDNode(other, "Page") || other.child("FileLoc") == nil {
 				continue
 			}
 			shared, err := editorPageLocation(reader, nil, name, strings.TrimSpace(editorImportText(data, other.child("FileLoc"))))
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ func (e *Editor) editAnnotations(index int, ids []string, edit func([]byte, *edi
 			continue
 		}
 		if sharedFile {
-			file = path.Join(e.source.directory, "Annotations", e.pages[index].ID, file)
+			file = packageAvailableName(reader, parts, e.packageName(path.Join("Annotations", "Page_"+e.pages[index].ID+".xml")))
 			var escaped bytes.Buffer
 			_ = xml.EscapeText(&escaped, []byte("/"+file))
 			patches = append(patches, editorXMLContent(data, loc, escaped.Bytes()))
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_annot_content.go b/ofdgo_editor_annot_content.go
index ad93250..61212f3 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_annot_content.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_annot_content.go
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (e *Editor) annotationXML(index int, id string) ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	var result []byte
 	for _, ref := range root.children {
-		if ref.name.Space != root.name.Space || ref.name.Local != "Page" || ref.attr("PageID") != e.pages[index].ID || ref.child("FileLoc") == nil {
+		if !packageOFDNode(ref, "Page") || ref.attr("PageID") != e.pages[index].ID || ref.child("FileLoc") == nil {
 			continue
 		}
 		file, err := editorPageLocation(reader, nil, name, strings.TrimSpace(editorImportText(data, ref.child("FileLoc"))))
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func (e *Editor) annotationXML(index int, id string) ([]byte, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		for _, node := range page.children {
-			if node.name.Local != "Annot" || node.name.Space != page.name.Space || node.attr("ID") != id {
+			if !packageOFDNode(node, "Annot") || node.attr("ID") != id {
 				continue
 			}
 			if result != nil {
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func (e *Editor) appendAnnotations(index int, annotations []byte) error {
 	name := reader.ResPath(base.document.Annotations)
 	var data []byte
 	if base.document.Annotations == "" {
-		name = path.Join(base.directory, "Annotations.xml")
+		name = e.packageName("Annotations.xml")
 		data, err = editorXMLContainer("Annotations", nil, nil)
 	} else {
 		if file, ok := reader.packageFile(name); ok {
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ func (e *Editor) appendAnnotations(index int, annotations []byte) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	for _, item := range root.children {
-		if item.name.Local == "Page" && item.name.Space == root.name.Space && item.attr("PageID") == e.pages[index].ID {
+		if packageOFDNode(item, "Page") && item.attr("PageID") == e.pages[index].ID {
 			ref = item
 			loc := item.child("FileLoc")
 			if loc == nil {
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ func (e *Editor) appendAnnotations(index int, annotations []byte) error {
 	file := existing
 	if file != "" {
 		for _, other := range root.children {
-			if other == ref || other.name.Local != "Page" || other.name.Space != root.name.Space || other.child("FileLoc") == nil {
+			if other == ref || !packageOFDNode(other, "Page") || other.child("FileLoc") == nil {
 				continue
 			}
 			shared, err := editorPageLocation(reader, nil, name, strings.TrimSpace(editorImportText(data, other.child("FileLoc"))))
@@ -251,13 +251,15 @@ func (e *Editor) appendAnnotations(index int, annotations []byte) error {
 		}
 	}
 	if file == "" {
-		file = path.Join(base.directory, "Annotations", e.nextID()+".xml")
+		file = e.packageName(path.Join("Annotations", "Page_"+e.pages[index].ID+".xml"))
 	}
 	if ref != nil {
-		loc := ref.child("FileLoc")
-		var value bytes.Buffer
-		_ = xml.EscapeText(&value, []byte("/"+file))
-		data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{editorXMLContent(data, loc, value.Bytes())})
+		if file != existing {
+			loc := ref.child("FileLoc")
+			var value bytes.Buffer
+			_ = xml.EscapeText(&value, []byte("/"+file))
+			data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{editorXMLContent(data, loc, value.Bytes())})
+		}
 	} else {
 		entry, err := editorXMLContainer("Page", ofdAttrs{{Name: xml.Name{Local: "PageID"}, Value: e.pages[index].ID}}, editorXMLText("FileLoc", "/"+file))
 		if err != nil {
@@ -288,7 +290,13 @@ func (e *Editor) appendAnnotations(index int, annotations []byte) error {
 				break
 			}
 		}
-		parts[docName] = editorPatchXML(docData, []editorXMLPatch{{position, position, editorXMLText("Annotations", "/"+name)}})
+		patch := editorXMLPatch{position, position, editorXMLText("Annotations", "/"+name)}
+		if node := doc.child("Annotations"); node != nil {
+			var value bytes.Buffer
+			_ = xml.EscapeText(&value, []byte("/"+name))
+			patch = editorXMLContent(docData, node, value.Bytes())
+		}
+		parts[docName] = editorPatchXML(docData, []editorXMLPatch{patch})
 	}
 	if err := e.commitAnnotationParts(base, parts); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -335,7 +343,12 @@ func (e *Editor) commitAnnotationParts(base *editorSource, parts map[string][]by
 	if files == nil {
 		files = make(map[string][]byte)
 	}
-	maps.Copy(files, parts)
+	for name, data := range parts {
+		if file, ok := base.reader.packageFile(name); ok {
+			name = cleanPackagePath(file.Name)
+		}
+		files[name] = data
+	}
 	reader := &Reader{Zip: base.reader.Zip, files: files}
 	if err := reader.initRoot(); err != nil {
 		return err
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_composite.go b/ofdgo_editor_composite.go
index 3527725..f8c2d99 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_composite.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_composite.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type ObjectPath struct {
 }
 
 // CompositeMember 复合对象的直接成员快照，Object包含有效样式，不用于整体替换原对象
-// Bounds与Contours使用页面毫米坐标，Matrix将对象局部坐标映射至页面，StrokeScale为描边倍率
+// Bounds与Contours使用页面毫米坐标，StrokeScale为描边倍率，Matrix将对象局部坐标映射至页面
 // Position表示当前范围内的直接容器位置，结构操作后需重新枚举
 type CompositeMember struct {
 	Object       GraphicObject
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ func (e *Editor) compositeResource(id string, data []byte) (editorResource, erro
 	if err != nil {
 		return editorResource{}, err
 	}
-	return editorResource{name: e.resourceDirectory() + "/Composite_" + id + ".xml", data: data, composite: id, references: refs}, nil
+	return editorResource{name: e.packageName("Res/Composites/Composite_" + id + ".xml"), data: data, composite: id, references: refs}, nil
 }
 
 // editorResourceReferences 收集标准资源XML中的对象引用
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_composite_insert.go b/ofdgo_editor_composite_insert.go
index 806d047..5f52844 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_composite_insert.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_composite_insert.go
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ func (e *Editor) addEditorDrawParam(draw DrawParam) (string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	resource := editorResource{name: e.resourceDirectory() + "/DrawParam_" + draw.ID + ".xml", data: data, draw: &draw, references: refs}
+	resource := editorResource{name: e.packageName("Res/DrawParams/DrawParam_" + draw.ID + ".xml"), data: data, draw: &draw, references: refs}
 	e.resources = append(e.resources, resource)
 	return draw.ID, nil
 }
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_draw.go b/ofdgo_editor_draw.go
index d9a91e5..e1ffb20 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_draw.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_draw.go
@@ -125,6 +125,6 @@ func (e *Editor) copyDrawParam(id, base string, visited map[string]bool) (string
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	e.resources = append(e.resources, editorResource{name: e.resourceDirectory() + "/DrawParam_" + draw.ID + ".xml", data: data, draw: &draw, drawSource: id, references: refs})
+	e.resources = append(e.resources, editorResource{name: e.packageName("Res/DrawParams/DrawParam_" + draw.ID + ".xml"), data: data, draw: &draw, drawSource: id, references: refs})
 	return draw.ID, nil
 }
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_import.go b/ofdgo_editor_import.go
index 54c7f13..ff0014e 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_import.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_import.go
@@ -37,7 +37,14 @@ type editorImportEntry struct {
 type editorPageImport struct {
 	reader        *Reader
 	doc           *Document
-	prefix        string
+	directory     string
+	target        *Reader
+	paths         map[string]string
+	evidence      map[string]string
+	resourceXML   []byte
+	pageParts     []byte
+	documentXML   []byte
+	documentRoot  *editorXML
 	maximum       int
 	ids           map[string]string
 	pages         map[string]bool
@@ -116,12 +123,20 @@ func (e *Editor) importPages(source *Reader, indexes []int, at int, copyPage boo
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}
-	prefix := path.Join(base.directory, "Import_"+strconv.Itoa(maximum+1))
-	for editorDirectoryExists(base.reader, prefix) {
-		prefix += "_"
-	}
-	m := &editorPageImport{reader: source, doc: doc, prefix: prefix, maximum: maximum, copyPage: copyPage, progress: progress,
+	m := &editorPageImport{reader: source, doc: doc, directory: e.packageDirectory(), target: base.reader, maximum: maximum, copyPage: copyPage, progress: progress,
+		paths: make(map[string]string), evidence: make(map[string]string),
 		ids: make(map[string]string), pages: selected, files: make(map[string][]byte), resources: make(map[string]editorImportEntry), used: make(map[string][]byte), templates: make(map[string]TemplatePage), templateParts: make(map[string][]byte), attachments: make(map[string][]byte)}
+	for _, resource := range e.resources {
+		m.files[resource.name] = nil
+	}
+	m.documentXML, err = m.readFile(source.ResPath(source.OFD.DocBody[0].DocRoot))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	m.documentRoot, err = parseEditorXML(m.documentXML)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	if copyPage {
 		for _, page := range doc.Pages.Page {
 			if !selected[page.ID] {
@@ -155,11 +170,16 @@ func (e *Editor) importPages(source *Reader, indexes []int, at int, copyPage boo
 		}
 		page := doc.Pages.Page[index]
 		ids[i] = m.id(page.ID)
-		name, err := m.copyXML(source.ResPath(page.BaseLoc))
+		name, err := m.copyXML(source.ResPath(page.BaseLoc), packagePagePath(m.directory, ids[i]))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		refs[i] = Page{ID: ids[i], BaseLoc: name}
+		entry, err := m.documentReference("Pages", "Page", page.ID, ids[i], name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		m.pageParts = append(m.pageParts, entry...)
 	}
 	if err := progress.report("pages", len(indexes), len(indexes)); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -205,7 +225,12 @@ func (e *Editor) importPages(source *Reader, indexes []int, at int, copyPage boo
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		m.files[path.Join(prefix, "Resources.xml")] = resources
+		if len(resourceContent) != 0 {
+			m.resourceXML = resources
+		}
+	}
+	for _, resource := range e.resources {
+		delete(m.files, resource.name)
 	}
 	next, err := m.merge(base, refs, annotations, signatures)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -387,6 +412,27 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) outlines() ([]byte, error) {
 	if len(editorOutlineChildren(root)) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
+	var validate func(*editorXML) error
+	validate = func(node *editorXML) error {
+		for _, attr := range node.attrs {
+			if attr.Name.Space == "" || attr.Name.Space == "xmlns" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if attr.Name.Space == "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" && (attr.Name.Local == "schemaLocation" || attr.Name.Local == "noNamespaceSchemaLocation") {
+				continue
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot remap outline extension attribute %q", attr.Name.Local)
+		}
+		for _, child := range node.children {
+			if err := validate(child); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := validate(root); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	return m.encode(editorImportEntry{name: name, data: data}, root)
 }
 
@@ -522,11 +568,11 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) reference(value string) (string, error) {
 	if template, ok := m.templates[value]; ok {
 		if _, seen := m.templateParts[value]; !seen {
 			m.templateParts[value] = nil
-			name, err := m.copyXML(m.reader.ResPath(template.BaseLoc))
+			name, err := m.copyXML(m.reader.ResPath(template.BaseLoc), path.Join(m.directory, "Templates", "Template_"+m.id(value), "Content.xml"))
 			if err != nil {
 				return "", err
 			}
-			data, err := editorXMLContainer("TemplatePage", ofdAttrs{{Name: xml.Name{Local: "ID"}, Value: m.id(value)}, {Name: xml.Name{Local: "Name"}, Value: template.Name}, {Name: xml.Name{Local: "BaseLoc"}, Value: name}, {Name: xml.Name{Local: "ZOrder"}, Value: template.ZOrder}}, nil)
+			data, err := m.documentReference("CommonData", "TemplatePage", value, m.id(value), name)
 			if err != nil {
 				return "", err
 			}
@@ -536,6 +582,35 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) reference(value string) (string, error) {
 	return m.id(value), nil
 }
 
+// documentReference 迁移页面或模板引用，只替换标识与路径并保留未知属性
+// 入参: group 父节点名称, kind 引用节点名称, source 原标识, id 新标识, loc 新路径
+// 返回: []byte 引用XML, error 错误信息
+func (m *editorPageImport) documentReference(group, kind, source, id, loc string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if parent := m.documentRoot.child(group); parent != nil {
+		for _, node := range parent.children {
+			if node.name.Local != kind || node.attr("ID") != source {
+				continue
+			}
+			data, err := editorXMLStandalone(m.documentXML[node.start:node.end], node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			for _, attr := range [][2]string{{"ID", id}, {"BaseLoc", loc}} {
+				root, err := parseEditorXML(data)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				data, err = editorXMLAttribute(data, root, attr[0], attr[1])
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+			}
+			return data, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("missing %s reference %q", kind, source)
+}
+
 // resolve 按所在XML解析包内路径，兼容阅读器接受的文档相对路径
 // 入参: name 所在XML, base 资源目录, value 路径值
 // 返回: string 包内路径, error 错误信息
@@ -551,33 +626,40 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) resolve(name, base, value string) (string, error) {
 	return "", fmt.Errorf("import reference %q in %s not found", value, name)
 }
 
-// copyData 复制二进制资源或签名引用原文，返回绝对包路径
-// 入参: name 来源路径, evidence 是否原始签名凭据
+// copyData 复制二进制资源或签名引用原文，凭据与当前引用使用独立映射
+// 入参: name 来源路径, relative 文档内候选路径, evidence 是否原始签名凭据
 // 返回: string 新路径, error 错误信息
-func (m *editorPageImport) copyData(name string, evidence bool) (string, error) {
-	directory := m.prefix
+func (m *editorPageImport) copyData(name, relative string, evidence bool) (string, error) {
+	paths := m.paths
 	if evidence {
-		directory = path.Join(directory, "Signed")
+		paths = m.evidence
+		relative = path.Join("Signs", "Signed", path.Base(name))
 	}
-	target := path.Join(directory, name)
-	if _, exists := m.files[target]; !exists {
-		data, err := m.readFile(name)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-		m.files[target] = data
+	key := strings.ToLower(cleanPackagePath(name))
+	if target := paths[key]; target != "" {
+		return "/" + target, nil
 	}
+	if m.copyPage && !evidence {
+		return "/" + cleanPackagePath(name), nil
+	}
+	target := packageAvailableName(m.target, m.files, path.Join(m.directory, relative))
+	data, err := m.readFile(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	paths[key], m.files[target] = target, data
 	return "/" + target, nil
 }
 
 // copyXML 复制页面或标准关联XML并重映射引用
-// 入参: name 来源路径
+// 入参: name 来源路径, candidate 目标候选路径
 // 返回: string 新路径, error 错误信息
-func (m *editorPageImport) copyXML(name string) (string, error) {
-	target := path.Join(m.prefix, name)
-	if _, exists := m.files[target]; exists {
+func (m *editorPageImport) copyXML(name, candidate string) (string, error) {
+	key := strings.ToLower(cleanPackagePath(name))
+	if target := m.paths[key]; target != "" {
 		return "/" + target, nil
 	}
+	target := packageAvailableName(m.target, m.files, candidate)
 	data, err := m.readFile(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
@@ -586,7 +668,7 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) copyXML(name string) (string, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	m.files[target] = nil
+	m.paths[key], m.files[target] = target, nil
 	if root.name.Local == "Page" {
 		for _, child := range root.children {
 			if child.name.Local == "PageRes" {
@@ -660,11 +742,9 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) encode(entry editorImportEntry, node *editorXML) ([]b
 		if attr.Name.Space == "xmlns" || attr.Name.Local == "xmlns" {
 			continue
 		}
-		if attr.Name.Space == "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" && (attr.Name.Local == "schemaLocation" || attr.Name.Local == "noNamespaceSchemaLocation") {
-			continue
-		}
 		if attr.Name.Space != "" {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot remap extension attribute %q", attr.Name.Local)
+			attrs = append(attrs, attr)
+			continue
 		}
 		key, value := attr.Name.Local, attr.Value
 		var err error
@@ -682,9 +762,13 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) encode(entry editorImportEntry, node *editorXML) ([]b
 				return nil, resolveErr
 			}
 			if key == "FileRef" {
-				value, err = m.copyData(loc, true)
+				value, err = m.copyData(loc, "", true)
 			} else {
-				value, err = m.copyXML(loc)
+				directory := "Res"
+				if name == "Signature" {
+					directory = path.Join("Signs", "Sign_"+m.id("Signature:"+node.attr("ID")))
+				}
+				value, err = m.copyXML(loc, path.Join(m.directory, directory, path.Base(loc)))
 			}
 		case "AttachID":
 			value, err = m.attachment(value)
@@ -698,40 +782,39 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) encode(entry editorImportEntry, node *editorXML) ([]b
 		attrs = append(attrs, xml.Attr{Name: xml.Name{Local: "ColorSpace"}, Value: m.defaultCS})
 	}
 	var content []byte
-	if name == "Page" {
+	pageContent := name == "Page" && node.parent == nil
+	if pageContent {
 		area := m.doc.CommonData.PageArea
-		if local := node.child("Area"); local != nil {
-			var own PageArea
-			if err := xml.Unmarshal(entry.data[local.start:local.end], &own); err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			if own.PhysicalBox != "" {
-				area.PhysicalBox = own.PhysicalBox
-			}
-			if own.ApplicationBox != "" {
-				area.ApplicationBox = own.ApplicationBox
-			}
-			if own.ContentBox != "" {
-				area.ContentBox = own.ContentBox
-			}
-			if own.BleedBox != "" {
-				area.BleedBox = own.BleedBox
-			}
-		}
+		local := node.child("Area")
 		var fields []byte
 		for _, field := range [][2]string{{"PhysicalBox", area.PhysicalBox}, {"ApplicationBox", area.ApplicationBox}, {"ContentBox", area.ContentBox}, {"BleedBox", area.BleedBox}} {
-			if field[1] != "" {
+			if field[1] != "" && (local == nil || local.child(field[0]) == nil) {
 				fields = append(fields, editorXMLText(field[0], field[1])...)
 			}
 		}
-		encoded, err := editorXMLContainer("Area", nil, fields)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+		if local == nil {
+			encoded, err := editorXMLContainer("Area", nil, fields)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			content = encoded
+		} else {
+			encoded, err := m.encode(entry, local)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			root, err := parseEditorXML(encoded)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if root.open != root.end {
+				fields = append(bytes.Clone(encoded[root.open:root.close]), fields...)
+			}
+			content = editorPatchXML(encoded, []editorXMLPatch{editorXMLContent(encoded, root, fields)})
 		}
-		content = bytes.TrimPrefix(encoded, []byte(xml.Header))
 	}
 	for _, child := range node.children {
-		if name == "Page" && child.name.Local == "Area" {
+		if pageContent && child.name.Local == "Area" {
 			continue
 		}
 		if name == "Goto" && child.name.Local == "Bookmark" {
@@ -774,16 +857,38 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) encode(entry editorImportEntry, node *editorXML) ([]b
 			if resolveErr != nil {
 				return nil, resolveErr
 			}
-			value, err = m.copyData(loc, false)
+			directory := "Res"
+			file := path.Base(loc)
+			owner := node.parent.attr("ID")
+			switch name {
+			case "FontFile":
+				directory = "Res/Fonts"
+				if owner != "" {
+					file = "Font_" + m.id(owner) + strings.ToLower(path.Ext(loc))
+				}
+			case "MediaFile":
+				directory = "Res/Images"
+				if node.parent.attr("Type") != "Image" {
+					directory = "Res/Media"
+				} else if owner != "" {
+					file = "Image_" + m.id(owner) + strings.ToLower(path.Ext(loc))
+				}
+			case "Profile":
+				directory = "Res/ColorSpaces"
+			case "SignedValue", "BaseLoc":
+				directory = "Signs"
+			}
+			value, err = m.copyData(loc, path.Join(directory, file), false)
 		case "FileLoc":
 			loc, resolveErr := m.resolve(entry.name, "", strings.TrimSpace(value))
 			if resolveErr != nil {
 				return nil, resolveErr
 			}
 			if node.parent.name.Local == "Attachment" {
-				value, err = m.copyData(loc, false)
+				value, err = m.copyData(loc, path.Join("Attachments", path.Base(loc)), false)
 			} else {
-				value, err = m.copyXML(loc)
+				candidate := path.Join(m.directory, "Annotations", "Page_"+m.id(node.parent.attr("PageID"))+".xml")
+				value, err = m.copyXML(loc, candidate)
 			}
 		case "Font", "Substitution":
 			value, err = m.reference(strings.TrimSpace(value))
@@ -924,6 +1029,9 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) merge(base *editorSource, refs []Page, annotations, s
 	}
 	maps.Copy(files, m.files)
 	name := base.reader.ResPath(base.reader.OFD.DocBody[0].DocRoot)
+	if file, ok := base.reader.packageFile(name); ok {
+		name = cleanPackagePath(file.Name)
+	}
 	data, err := base.reader.readFile(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -944,20 +1052,41 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) merge(base *editorSource, refs []Page, annotations, s
 		}
 	}
 	var content []byte
-	if m.files[path.Join(m.prefix, "Resources.xml")] != nil {
-		content = editorXMLText("DocumentRes", "/"+path.Join(m.prefix, "Resources.xml"))
+	if len(m.resourceXML) != 0 {
+		name, added, err := mergePackageResources(base.reader, files, base.document, m.directory, m.resourceXML)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if added {
+			content = editorXMLText("DocumentRes", "/"+strings.TrimPrefix(name, "/"))
+		}
 	}
 	for _, id := range slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(m.templateParts)) {
 		content = append(content, m.templateParts[id]...)
 	}
 	data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{{position, position, content}})
+	root, err = parseEditorXML(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	pages := root.child("Pages")
+	if pages == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("document has no Pages")
+	}
+	content = bytes.Clone(m.pageParts)
+	if pages.open != pages.end {
+		content = append(bytes.Clone(data[pages.open:pages.close]), content...)
+	}
+	data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{editorXMLContent(data, pages, content)})
 	if len(annotations) != 0 {
-		loc, err := mergeImportIndex(base.reader, files, base.document.Annotations, path.Join(m.prefix, "Annotations.xml"), "Annotations", annotations)
+		loc, err := mergeImportIndex(base.reader, files, base.document.Annotations, path.Join(m.directory, "Annotations.xml"), "Annotations", annotations)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		root, _ = parseEditorXML(data)
-		data = editorXMLSetText(data, root, [][2]string{{"Annotations", loc}})
+		if base.document.Annotations == "" {
+			root, _ = parseEditorXML(data)
+			data = editorXMLSetText(data, root, [][2]string{{"Annotations", loc}})
+		}
 	}
 	if len(m.attachments) != 0 {
 		var entries []byte
@@ -970,16 +1099,28 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) merge(base *editorSource, refs []Page, annotations, s
 			content := append(bytes.Clone(data[node.open:node.close]), entries...)
 			data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{editorXMLContent(data, node, content)})
 		} else {
-			loc, err := mergeImportIndex(base.reader, files, base.document.Attachments.Path, path.Join(m.prefix, "Attachments.xml"), "Attachments", entries)
+			loc, err := mergeImportIndex(base.reader, files, base.document.Attachments.Path, path.Join(m.directory, "Attachments.xml"), "Attachments", entries)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			data = editorXMLSetText(data, root, [][2]string{{"Attachments", loc}})
+			if base.document.Attachments.Path == "" {
+				data = editorXMLSetText(data, root, [][2]string{{"Attachments", loc}})
+			}
 		}
 	}
+	root, err = parseEditorXML(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	common = root.child("CommonData")
+	patch := editorXMLPatch{common.open, common.open, editorXMLText("MaxUnitID", strconv.Itoa(m.maximum))}
+	if maximum := common.child("MaxUnitID"); maximum != nil {
+		patch = editorXMLContent(data, maximum, []byte(strconv.Itoa(m.maximum)))
+	}
+	data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{patch})
 	files[name] = data
 	if len(signatures) != 0 {
-		loc, err := mergeImportIndex(base.reader, files, base.document.Signatures, path.Join(m.prefix, "Signatures.xml"), "Signatures", signatures)
+		loc, err := mergeImportIndex(base.reader, files, base.document.Signatures, path.Join(m.directory, "Signs", "Signatures.xml"), "Signatures", signatures)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -992,7 +1133,11 @@ func (m *editorPageImport) merge(base *editorSource, refs []Page, annotations, s
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			files["OFD.xml"] = editorXMLSetText(ofd, root.child("DocBody"), [][2]string{{"Signatures", loc}})
+			name := "OFD.xml"
+			if file, ok := base.reader.packageFile(name); ok {
+				name = cleanPackagePath(file.Name)
+			}
+			files[name] = editorXMLSetText(ofd, root.child("DocBody"), [][2]string{{"Signatures", loc}})
 		}
 	}
 	reader := &Reader{Zip: base.reader.Zip, files: files}
@@ -1026,10 +1171,18 @@ func mergeImportIndex(reader *Reader, files map[string][]byte, loc, fallback, ro
 	var data []byte
 	var err error
 	if loc == "" {
+		name = packageAvailableName(reader, files, fallback)
 		data, err = editorXMLContainer(rootName, nil, entries)
 	} else {
-		name = reader.ResPath(loc)
-		data, err = reader.readFile(name)
+		name, err = editorPageLocation(reader, files, "", "/"+reader.ResPath(loc))
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		var exists bool
+		data, exists = files[name]
+		if !exists {
+			data, err = reader.readFile(name)
+		}
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
 		}
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_open.go b/ofdgo_editor_open.go
index 117c2fd..af4d06f 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_open.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_open.go
@@ -144,10 +144,7 @@ func (r *Reader) Editor() (*Editor, error) {
 	}
 	e := NewEditor()
 	e.Info, e.maxID = cloneEditorData(*info), maximum
-	directory := path.Join(cleanPackagePath(reader.RootDir), "Edit")
-	for i := 1; editorDirectoryExists(reader, directory); i++ {
-		directory = path.Join(cleanPackagePath(reader.RootDir), "Edit_"+strconv.Itoa(i))
-	}
+	directory := cleanPackagePath(reader.RootDir)
 	e.source = &editorSource{reader: reader, document: doc, info: cloneEditorData(*info), directory: directory, pages: make(map[string]*editorSourcePage), origins: make(map[string]*editorObjectOrigin)}
 	for _, page := range doc.Pages.Page {
 		if page.ID == "" || e.source.pages[page.ID] != nil {
@@ -159,23 +156,6 @@ func (r *Reader) Editor() (*Editor, error) {
 	return e, nil
 }
 
-// editorDirectoryExists 判断包内目录是否已经使用，避免覆盖原始资源
-// 入参: reader 输入包, directory 目录路径
-// 返回: bool 是否存在
-func editorDirectoryExists(reader *Reader, directory string) bool {
-	for name := range reader.fileIndex {
-		if strings.EqualFold(name, directory) || strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(name), strings.ToLower(directory)+"/") {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	for name := range reader.files {
-		if strings.EqualFold(name, directory) || strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(name), strings.ToLower(directory)+"/") {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 // prepareSourceIDs 首次新增内容前流式核对原包标识，不依赖可能缺失或过期的MaxUnitID
 // 返回: error 错误信息
 func (e *Editor) prepareSourceIDs() error {
@@ -262,15 +242,6 @@ func editorXMLMaxID(input io.Reader) (int, error) {
 	}
 }
 
-// resourceDirectory 获取新增二进制资源的目录
-// 返回: string 包内路径
-func (e *Editor) resourceDirectory() string {
-	if e.source != nil {
-		return e.source.directory + "/Res"
-	}
-	return "Doc_0/Res"
-}
-
 // originalPage 判断索引是否指向原文档页面
 // 入参: index 页面索引
 // 返回: bool 是否为原始页面
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_package.go b/ofdgo_editor_package.go
index 164d02c..ef284cf 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_package.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_package.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"maps"
-	"path"
 	"reflect"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ func (e *Editor) sourceParts(progress editorProgress) (map[string][]byte, error)
 				parts[reader.ResPath(original.ref.BaseLoc)] = data
 			}
 		} else {
-			name := path.Join(source.directory, "Pages", page.ID+".xml")
+			name := e.packageName(packagePagePath("", page.ID))
 			data, err := e.sourceNewPageXML(page)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -79,13 +78,17 @@ func (e *Editor) sourceParts(progress editorProgress) (map[string][]byte, error)
 		})
 	}
 	if len(fonts)+len(images)+len(spaces) != 0 {
-		resourcePath := path.Join(source.directory, "Resources.xml")
-		resourceFiles = append(resourceFiles, resourcePath)
 		data, err := encodeOFDXML(func(x *ofdXML) { x.resources(fonts, images, spaces) })
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		parts[resourcePath] = data
+		resourcePath, added, err := mergePackageResources(reader, parts, source.document, source.directory, data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if added {
+			resourceFiles = append(resourceFiles, resourcePath)
+		}
 		for _, resource := range append(fonts, images...) {
 			if resource.name != "" {
 				parts[resource.name] = resource.data
@@ -135,17 +138,17 @@ func (e *Editor) sourceParts(progress editorProgress) (map[string][]byte, error)
 			if pages == nil {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("document has no Pages")
 			}
-			var encoded bytes.Buffer
+			var entries [][]byte
 			for _, page := range pageRefs {
 				var original *editorXML
 				for _, child := range pages.children {
-					if child.attr("ID") == page.ID {
+					if packageOFDNode(child, "Page") && child.attr("ID") == page.ID {
 						original = child
 						break
 					}
 				}
 				if original != nil {
-					encoded.Write(data[original.start:original.end])
+					entries = append(entries, data[original.start:original.end])
 				} else {
 					item, err := encodeOFDXML(func(x *ofdXML) {
 						x.root("Page", ofdAttrs{{Name: xml.Name{Local: "ID"}, Value: page.ID}, {Name: xml.Name{Local: "BaseLoc"}, Value: page.BaseLoc}})
@@ -154,10 +157,29 @@ func (e *Editor) sourceParts(progress editorProgress) (map[string][]byte, error)
 					if err != nil {
 						return nil, err
 					}
-					encoded.Write(bytes.TrimPrefix(item, []byte(xml.Header)))
+					entries = append(entries, bytes.TrimPrefix(item, []byte(xml.Header)))
+				}
+			}
+			position := 0
+			for _, child := range pages.children {
+				if !packageOFDNode(child, "Page") {
+					continue
+				}
+				var entry []byte
+				if position < len(entries) {
+					entry = entries[position]
+					position++
+				}
+				patches = append(patches, editorXMLPatch{child.start, child.end, entry})
+			}
+			if position < len(entries) {
+				added := bytes.Join(entries[position:], nil)
+				if pages.open == pages.end {
+					patches = append(patches, editorXMLContent(data, pages, added))
+				} else {
+					patches = append(patches, editorXMLPatch{pages.close, pages.close, added})
 				}
 			}
-			patches = append(patches, editorXMLContent(data, pages, encoded.Bytes()))
 		}
 		updated := editorPatchXML(data, patches)
 		if !bytes.Equal(data, updated) {
diff --git a/ofdgo_editor_text.go b/ofdgo_editor_text.go
index 210aae0..aeabbf7 100644
--- a/ofdgo_editor_text.go
+++ b/ofdgo_editor_text.go
@@ -59,13 +59,16 @@ func missingGlyphError(id string, characters []rune) error {
 	return &MissingGlyphError{FontID: id, Characters: value.String()}
 }
 
-// TextLayout 本地横向段落选项，Wrap按CTM变换前的边界宽度折行，Align为left、center、right或justify
+// TextLayout 本地横向段落选项
+// Shape显式启用FontShaper，保存为标准TextCode和CGTransform，不改变阅读时的原文定位
+// Shaping提供可比较的塑形选项，非零值也会启用塑形，并随会话内文字编辑保留
+// Wrap按CTM变换前的边界宽度折行，Align为left、center、right或justify
 // LineHeight为毫米单位的基线间距，0使用字体度量；LetterSpacing为字素间的附加毫米间距，可为负
 // LeftIndent和RightIndent为左右缩进，FirstLineIndent为每段首行相对左缩进的偏移，单位为毫米
 // 零值保持显式换行和左对齐
-// Shape显式启用FontShaper，保存为标准TextCode和CGTransform，不改变阅读时的原文定位
 type TextLayout struct {
 	Shape           bool
+	Shaping         TextShapeOptions
 	Wrap            bool
 	Align           string
 	LineHeight      float64
@@ -75,8 +78,9 @@ type TextLayout struct {
 	FirstLineIndent float64
 }
 
-// TextStyle 文字样式增量，Font和Color为空、Size为0时保留原值
-// Size单位为毫米，Color为OFD的RGB分量字符串，保留原颜色透明度
+// TextStyle 文字样式增量
+// Font为空时保留原字体，Size单位为毫米且为0时保留原字号
+// Color为OFD的RGB分量字符串，空值保留原颜色，修改时保留原透明度
 type TextStyle struct {
 	Font  string
 	Size  float64
diff --git a/ofdgo_font_backend.go b/ofdgo_font_backend.go
index fcf3b14..948863c 100644
--- a/ofdgo_font_backend.go
+++ b/ofdgo_font_backend.go
@@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ type FontOutlines interface {
 	GlyphOutline(glyph uint16, size float64) (GeometryPath, error)
 }
 
+// FontOutlineBatch 批量提取指定字形，不经过字符映射或文字塑形
+// 返回路径与输入编号一一对应，允许重复编号和空轮廓，路径只读
+type FontOutlineBatch interface {
+	FontOutlines
+	GlyphOutlines(glyphs []uint16, size float64) ([]GeometryPath, error)
+}
+
 // FontShaper 提供可选的横向文字塑形，仅用于显式新建或重排
 // 字形按逻辑簇顺序排列，Cluster使用原文的符文索引，坐标为毫米且纵轴向下
 type FontShaper interface {
@@ -42,6 +49,24 @@ type FontShaper interface {
 	ShapeText(value string, size float64) ([]ShapedGlyph, error)
 }
 
+// TextShapeOptions 指定单一方向文字的塑形参数，不执行双向段落分析或字体回退
+// Direction为空或ltr时从左向右，rtl时从右向左；Script为四字母ISO15924代码，空值自动检测
+// Language为语言标签，Features为逗号分隔的全局OpenType特性，如kern=0,liga=1，不接受字符区间
+// 零值保持原有FontShaper行为，非零值要求FontShaperOptions能力
+type TextShapeOptions struct {
+	Direction string
+	Script    string
+	Language  string
+	Features  string
+}
+
+// FontShaperOptions 提供显式可配置塑形，簇与坐标遵循FontShaper约定
+// 右向左文字仍按逻辑簇返回，视觉顺序由X和Y保留
+type FontShaperOptions interface {
+	FontShaper
+	ShapeTextWithOptions(value string, size float64, options TextShapeOptions) ([]ShapedGlyph, error)
+}
+
 // ShapedGlyph 保存塑形后的字形、原文簇和基线定位
 type ShapedGlyph struct {
 	Glyph         uint16
@@ -57,6 +82,15 @@ type ResolvedFont struct {
 	Exact  bool
 }
 
+// PreparedFont 保存绘制用字体及GID、CID到包装字符的映射，所有数据只读
+// Data可与源编码不同，原始资源仍由ResolveFont和Reader保留
+type PreparedFont struct {
+	ResolvedFont
+	Glyphs map[uint16]rune
+	CIDs   map[uint16]rune
+	digest [32]byte
+}
+
 // FontBackend 统一字体来源与度量，exact禁止使用无关回退字体
 // ResolveFont不得递归调用Renderer.ResolveFont，OpenFont不得修改输入数据
 type FontBackend interface {
@@ -118,15 +152,6 @@ func (r *Renderer) ResolveFont(id string, exact bool) (ResolvedFont, error) {
 	return resolved, err
 }
 
-// PreparedFont 保存绘制用字体及GID、CID到包装字符的映射，所有数据只读
-// Data可与源编码不同，原始资源仍由ResolveFont和Reader保留
-type PreparedFont struct {
-	ResolvedFont
-	Glyphs map[uint16]rune
-	CIDs   map[uint16]rune
-	digest [32]byte
-}
-
 // PrepareFont 统一处理内嵌字体包装和索引映射，供各编译器复用
 // 入参: id 字体资源标识
 // 返回: *PreparedFont 绘制字体, error 字体解析错误
diff --git a/ofdgo_geom_arc.go b/ofdgo_geom_arc.go
index 3b6a969..2c98247 100644
--- a/ofdgo_geom_arc.go
+++ b/ofdgo_geom_arc.go
@@ -19,10 +19,19 @@ import (
 	"math"
 )
 
+// geometryArc 保存中心式椭圆及有向参数区间
+type geometryArc struct {
+	center, u, v Point
+	theta, delta float64
+}
+
 // Curves 按毫米误差上限将端点式椭圆弧转换为三次贝塞尔曲线，其他指令保持原样
 // 入参: tolerance 正有限误差上限
 // 返回: GeometryPath 独立路径, error 参数错误
 func (p GeometryPath) Curves(tolerance float64) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	if err := p.validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	if !rasterPositive(tolerance) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid curve tolerance")
 	}
@@ -58,17 +67,53 @@ func (p GeometryPath) Curves(tolerance float64) (GeometryPath, error) {
 // 入参: start 起点, arc 弧线, tolerance 毫米误差上限
 // 返回: GeometryPath 贝塞尔片段, error 无效弧线
 func arcCurves(start Point, arc GeometrySegment, tolerance float64) (GeometryPath, error) {
-	rx, ry := arc.RadiusX, arc.RadiusY
-	if !finite(rx) || !finite(ry) || rx < 0 || ry < 0 || !finite(arc.Rotation) ||
-		!finite(start.X) || !finite(start.Y) || !finite(arc.End.X) || !finite(arc.End.Y) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid arc parameters")
+	a, err := centerArc(start, arc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	if start == arc.End {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-	if rx == 0 || ry == 0 {
+	if arc.RadiusX == 0 || arc.RadiusY == 0 {
 		return GeometryPath{{Verb: GeometryLine, End: arc.End}}, nil
 	}
+	radius := math.Max(math.Hypot(a.u.X, a.u.Y), math.Hypot(a.v.X, a.v.Y))
+	step := math.Min(math.Pi/2, math.Pow(tolerance/radius*40000, 1.0/6))
+	n := math.Ceil(math.Abs(a.delta) / step)
+	if !finite(n) || n < 1 || n > 1<<18 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("arc subdivision limit exceeded")
+	}
+	count := int(n)
+	step = a.delta / float64(count)
+	point := func(x, y float64) Point {
+		return Point{a.center.X + a.u.X*x + a.v.X*y, a.center.Y + a.u.Y*x + a.v.Y*y}
+	}
+	result := make(GeometryPath, 0, count)
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		sa, ca := math.Sincos(a.theta + float64(i)*step)
+		sb, cb := math.Sincos(a.theta + float64(i+1)*step)
+		k := 4.0 / 3 * math.Tan(step/4)
+		result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryCubic, Control1: point(ca-k*sa, sa+k*ca), Control2: point(cb+k*sb, sb-k*cb), End: point(cb, sb)})
+	}
+	result[len(result)-1].End = arc.End
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// centerArc 将端点式圆弧解析为中心式，统一半径修正和方向语义
+// 入参: start 起点, arc 弧线
+// 返回: geometryArc 中心式参数, error 无效参数或数值溢出
+func centerArc(start Point, arc GeometrySegment) (geometryArc, error) {
+	rx, ry := arc.RadiusX, arc.RadiusY
+	if !finite(rx) || !finite(ry) || rx < 0 || ry < 0 || !finite(arc.Rotation) ||
+		!finite(start.X) || !finite(start.Y) || !finite(arc.End.X) || !finite(arc.End.Y) {
+		return geometryArc{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid arc parameters")
+	}
+	if start == arc.End {
+		return geometryArc{}, nil
+	}
+	if rx == 0 || ry == 0 {
+		return geometryArc{}, nil
+	}
 	angle := math.Mod(arc.Rotation, 360) * math.Pi / 180
 	sine, cosine := math.Sincos(angle)
 	dx, dy := (start.X-arc.End.X)/2, (start.Y-arc.End.Y)/2
@@ -95,23 +140,29 @@ func arcCurves(start Point, arc GeometrySegment, tolerance float64) (GeometryPat
 		delta -= 2 * math.Pi
 	}
 	center := Point{cosine*cx - sine*cy + (start.X+arc.End.X)/2, sine*cx + cosine*cy + (start.Y+arc.End.Y)/2}
-	step := math.Min(math.Pi/2, math.Pow(tolerance/math.Max(rx, ry)*40000, 1.0/6))
-	count := int(math.Ceil(math.Abs(delta) / step))
-	if count < 1 || !finite(center.X) || !finite(center.Y) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid arc extent")
+	if !finite(center.X) || !finite(center.Y) || !finite(rx) || !finite(ry) || !finite(delta) || !finite(theta) || delta == 0 {
+		return geometryArc{}, fmt.Errorf("invalid arc extent")
 	}
-	step = delta / float64(count)
-	point := func(x, y float64) Point {
-		return Point{center.X + rx*cosine*x - ry*sine*y, center.Y + rx*sine*x + ry*cosine*y}
+	return geometryArc{center, Point{rx * cosine, rx * sine}, Point{-ry * sine, ry * cosine}, theta, delta}, nil
+}
+
+// point 计算椭圆参数对应的坐标
+// 入参: angle 参数角
+// 返回: Point 椭圆上的点
+func (a geometryArc) point(angle float64) Point {
+	s, c := math.Sincos(angle)
+	return Point{a.center.X + a.u.X*c + a.v.X*s, a.center.Y + a.u.Y*c + a.v.Y*s}
+}
+
+// fraction 判断参数角是否位于有向弧段内
+// 入参: angle 参数角
+// 返回: float64 弧段比例
+func (a geometryArc) fraction(angle float64) float64 {
+	d := math.Mod(angle-a.theta, 2*math.Pi)
+	if a.delta > 0 && d < 0 {
+		d += 2 * math.Pi
+	} else if a.delta < 0 && d > 0 {
+		d -= 2 * math.Pi
 	}
-	result := make(GeometryPath, 0, count)
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
-		a, b := theta+float64(i)*step, theta+float64(i+1)*step
-		sa, ca := math.Sincos(a)
-		sb, cb := math.Sincos(b)
-		k := 4.0 / 3 * math.Tan(step/4)
-		result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryCubic, Control1: point(ca-k*sa, sa+k*ca), Control2: point(cb+k*sb, sb-k*cb), End: point(cb, sb)})
-	}
-	result[len(result)-1].End = arc.End
-	return result, nil
+	return d / a.delta
 }
diff --git a/ofdgo_geom_backend.go b/ofdgo_geom_backend.go
index 586521a..69014ce 100644
--- a/ofdgo_geom_backend.go
+++ b/ofdgo_geom_backend.go
@@ -26,13 +26,39 @@ const (
 	GeometryXor
 )
 
-// StrokeOptions 描述毫米单位的描边，Cap和Join使用OFD名称
-// Tolerance为曲线展开误差，0采用后端默认精度，Dashes和DashOffset为绝对长度
+// StrokeOptions 描述描边参数，长度单位为毫米
 type StrokeOptions struct {
-	Width                             float64
-	Cap, Join                         string
-	MiterLimit, DashOffset, Tolerance float64
-	Dashes                            []float64
+	// Width为正有限描边宽度
+	Width float64
+	// Cap和Join使用OFD名称，空值分别采用Butt和Miter
+	Cap, Join string
+	// MiterLimit为尖角长度与半线宽的比值上限，0采用默认值
+	MiterLimit float64
+	// DashOffset为绝对长度的虚线相位，允许负值
+	DashOffset float64
+	// Tolerance为曲线展开误差目标，0采用后端默认精度
+	Tolerance float64
+	// Dashes为交替绘制和留空的绝对长度，奇数项按重复一遍处理
+	Dashes []float64
+}
+
+// GeometryBackend 操作库自有路径，坐标以页面左上角为原点，不修改任何输入
+// Clip返回nil表示不裁剪，空路径指针表示完全裁去，矩阵映射到页面坐标
+type GeometryBackend interface {
+	Backend
+	Path(object PathObject) (GeometryPath, error)
+	Region(region *Region, matrix Matrix) (GeometryPath, error)
+	Bounds(path GeometryPath) (Box, error)
+	Transform(path GeometryPath, matrix Matrix) (GeometryPath, error)
+	Normalize(path GeometryPath, evenOdd bool) (GeometryPath, error)
+	Combine(left, right GeometryPath, operation GeometryOperation) (GeometryPath, error)
+	Stroke(path GeometryPath, options StrokeOptions) (GeometryPath, error)
+	Clip(renderer *Renderer, clips *Clips, matrix Matrix, parent *GeometryPath) (*GeometryPath, error)
+}
+
+// GeometryCurves 将椭圆弧转换为光栅后端可消费的贝塞尔曲线，不改变源路径
+type GeometryCurves interface {
+	Curves(path GeometryPath) (GeometryPath, error)
 }
 
 // validateStroke 校验各后端共用的描边参数
@@ -56,25 +82,6 @@ func validateStroke(options StrokeOptions) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// GeometryBackend 操作库自有路径，坐标以页面左上角为原点，不修改任何输入
-// Clip返回nil表示不裁剪，空路径指针表示完全裁去，矩阵映射到页面坐标
-type GeometryBackend interface {
-	Backend
-	Path(object PathObject) (GeometryPath, error)
-	Region(region *Region, matrix Matrix) (GeometryPath, error)
-	Bounds(path GeometryPath) (Box, error)
-	Transform(path GeometryPath, matrix Matrix) (GeometryPath, error)
-	Normalize(path GeometryPath, evenOdd bool) (GeometryPath, error)
-	Combine(left, right GeometryPath, operation GeometryOperation) (GeometryPath, error)
-	Stroke(path GeometryPath, options StrokeOptions) (GeometryPath, error)
-	Clip(renderer *Renderer, clips *Clips, matrix Matrix, parent *GeometryPath) (*GeometryPath, error)
-}
-
-// GeometryCurves 将椭圆弧转换为光栅后端可消费的贝塞尔曲线，不改变源路径
-type GeometryCurves interface {
-	Curves(path GeometryPath) (GeometryPath, error)
-}
-
 // Geometry 返回当前几何后端，不隐式恢复默认实现
 // 返回: GeometryBackend 几何后端, error 未配置错误
 func (r *Renderer) Geometry() (GeometryBackend, error) {
diff --git a/ofdgo_geom_bounds.go b/ofdgo_geom_bounds.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d682900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ofdgo_geom_bounds.go
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2025-2026 肖其顿 (XIAO QI DUN)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ofdgo
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+)
+
+// Bounds 通过解析极值计算直线、贝塞尔和椭圆弧的轴对齐边界
+// 不进行曲线展开且不使用Tolerance，结果受float64舍入误差影响，不保证向外舍入
+// 返回: Box 浮点路径范围, error 无效路径、弧线或数值溢出
+func (p GeometryPath) Bounds() (Box, error) {
+	if err := p.validate(); err != nil {
+		return Box{}, err
+	}
+	left, top, right, bottom := math.Inf(1), math.Inf(1), math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(-1)
+	add := func(p Point) {
+		left, top = math.Min(left, p.X), math.Min(top, p.Y)
+		right, bottom = math.Max(right, p.X), math.Max(bottom, p.Y)
+	}
+	var current, start Point
+	for _, s := range p {
+		switch s.Verb {
+		case GeometryMove:
+			start = s.End
+		case GeometryClose:
+			s.End = start
+		case GeometryArc:
+			a, err := centerArc(current, s)
+			if err != nil {
+				return Box{}, err
+			}
+			if a.delta != 0 {
+				for _, angle := range []float64{math.Atan2(a.v.X, a.u.X), math.Atan2(a.v.Y, a.u.Y)} {
+					for _, angle := range []float64{angle, angle + math.Pi} {
+						if f := a.fraction(angle); f > 0 && f < 1 {
+							add(a.point(angle))
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		case GeometryQuad, GeometryCubic:
+			for _, axis := range [][4]float64{{current.X, s.Control1.X, s.Control2.X, s.End.X}, {current.Y, s.Control1.Y, s.Control2.Y, s.End.Y}} {
+				if s.Verb == GeometryQuad {
+					axis[2] = 0
+				}
+				scale := math.Max(math.Abs(axis[0]), math.Max(math.Abs(axis[1]), math.Max(math.Abs(axis[2]), math.Abs(axis[3]))))
+				if scale != 0 {
+					for i := range axis {
+						axis[i] /= scale
+					}
+				}
+				var roots []float64
+				if s.Verb == GeometryQuad {
+					roots = geometryRoots(0, axis[0]-2*axis[1]+axis[3], axis[1]-axis[0])
+				} else {
+					roots = geometryRoots(-axis[0]+3*axis[1]-3*axis[2]+axis[3], 2*(axis[0]-2*axis[1]+axis[2]), axis[1]-axis[0])
+				}
+				for _, t := range roots {
+					if t > 0 && t < 1 {
+						q := geometryLerp(current, s.Control1, t)
+						if s.Verb == GeometryQuad {
+							q = geometryLerp(q, geometryLerp(s.Control1, s.End, t), t)
+						} else {
+							r := geometryLerp(s.Control1, s.Control2, t)
+							q = geometryLerp(geometryLerp(q, r, t), geometryLerp(r, geometryLerp(s.Control2, s.End, t), t), t)
+						}
+						add(q)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		add(s.End)
+		current = s.End
+	}
+	if len(p) == 0 {
+		return Box{}, nil
+	}
+	if !finite(left) || !finite(top) || !finite(right-left) || !finite(bottom-top) {
+		return Box{}, fmt.Errorf("geometry bounds overflow")
+	}
+	return Box{left, top, right - left, bottom - top}, nil
+}
+
+// geometryRoots 稳定求解一元二次方程的实根
+// 入参: a、b、c 方程系数
+// 返回: []float64 实根
+func geometryRoots(a, b, c float64) []float64 {
+	scale := math.Max(math.Abs(a), math.Max(math.Abs(b), math.Abs(c)))
+	if scale == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	a, b, c = a/scale, b/scale, c/scale
+	if a == 0 {
+		if b == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return []float64{-c / b}
+	}
+	d := b*b - 4*a*c
+	if d < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	q := -.5 * (b + math.Copysign(math.Sqrt(d), b))
+	if q == 0 {
+		return []float64{-b / (2 * a)}
+	}
+	return []float64{q / a, c / q}
+}
+
+// geometryLerp 线性插值坐标
+// 入参: a、b 端点, t 插值比例
+// 返回: Point 插值坐标
+func geometryLerp(a, b Point, t float64) Point {
+	return Point{(1-t)*a.X + t*b.X, (1-t)*a.Y + t*b.Y}
+}
diff --git a/ofdgo_geom_path.go b/ofdgo_geom_path.go
index dc79456..2cb96c7 100644
--- a/ofdgo_geom_path.go
+++ b/ofdgo_geom_path.go
@@ -24,6 +24,29 @@ import (
 // 坐标以左上角为原点，单位为毫米，子路径从Move开始，Close回到当前子路径起点
 type GeometryPath []GeometrySegment
 
+// GeometryVerb 表示几何路径指令
+type GeometryVerb uint8
+
+const (
+	GeometryMove GeometryVerb = iota
+	GeometryLine
+	GeometryQuad
+	GeometryCubic
+	GeometryArc
+	GeometryClose
+)
+
+// GeometrySegment 保存路径端点、贝塞尔控制点或端点式椭圆弧参数
+// 弧线Rotation单位为度，Sweep为true表示顺时针，Large表示大弧
+type GeometrySegment struct {
+	Verb               GeometryVerb
+	End                Point
+	Control1, Control2 Point
+	RadiusX, RadiusY   float64
+	Rotation           float64
+	Large, Sweep       bool
+}
+
 // ParseGeometryPath 解析标准OFD紧缩路径，保留弧线和原始数值精度
 // 入参: data 紧缩路径
 // 返回: GeometryPath 独立路径, error 指令或参数错误
@@ -125,12 +148,7 @@ func closedGeometry(path GeometryPath) GeometryPath {
 			result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryClose})
 		}
 		result = append(result, segment)
-		if segment.Verb == GeometryMove {
-			open = true
-		}
-		if segment.Verb == GeometryClose {
-			open = false
-		}
+		open = segment.Verb != GeometryClose
 	}
 	if open {
 		result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryClose})
@@ -138,29 +156,6 @@ func closedGeometry(path GeometryPath) GeometryPath {
 	return result
 }
 
-// GeometryVerb 表示几何路径指令
-type GeometryVerb uint8
-
-const (
-	GeometryMove GeometryVerb = iota
-	GeometryLine
-	GeometryQuad
-	GeometryCubic
-	GeometryArc
-	GeometryClose
-)
-
-// GeometrySegment 保存路径端点、贝塞尔控制点或端点式椭圆弧参数
-// 弧线Rotation单位为度，Sweep为true表示顺时针，Large表示大弧
-type GeometrySegment struct {
-	Verb               GeometryVerb
-	End                Point
-	Control1, Control2 Point
-	RadiusX, RadiusY   float64
-	Rotation           float64
-	Large, Sweep       bool
-}
-
 // SVG 将几何路径编码为SVG路径，不改变曲线或坐标精度
 // 返回: string SVG路径, error 不支持的路径指令
 func (p GeometryPath) SVG() (string, error) {
diff --git a/ofdgo_geom_stroke.go b/ofdgo_geom_stroke.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f361328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ofdgo_geom_stroke.go
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+// Copyright 2025-2026 肖其顿 (XIAO QI DUN)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ofdgo
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+)
+
+// geometryPolyline 保存展开后的子路径，独立记录闭合状态
+type geometryPolyline struct {
+	points []Point
+	closed bool
+}
+
+// Stroke 将曲线、正长度虚线及线帽连接转换为非零填充轮廓
+// 曲线按Tolerance展开，默认误差为0.001毫米，重叠轮廓保持同向绕数
+// 结果未做布尔整理，按非零规则填充，区域运算需能处理重叠子路径的后端
+// 入参: options 描边样式
+// 返回: GeometryPath 描边轮廓, error 无效参数、不支持的零长度语义或精度限制
+func (p GeometryPath) Stroke(options StrokeOptions) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	if err := validateStroke(options); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := p.validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if options.Width/2 == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("stroke width precision exhausted")
+	}
+	dashes := append([]float64(nil), options.Dashes...)
+	total := 0.0
+	for _, d := range dashes {
+		total += d
+	}
+	if !finite(total) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("stroke dash period overflow")
+	}
+	if total == 0 {
+		dashes = nil
+	} else {
+		for _, d := range dashes {
+			if d == 0 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("zero-length stroke dash: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(dashes)%2 != 0 {
+			dashes = append(dashes, dashes...)
+			total *= 2
+			if !finite(total) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("stroke dash period overflow")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	tolerance := options.Tolerance
+	if tolerance == 0 {
+		tolerance = .001
+	}
+	lines, err := p.strokePolylines(tolerance / 2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var result GeometryPath
+	for _, line := range lines {
+		parts := []geometryPolyline{line}
+		if len(dashes) != 0 {
+			parts, err = line.dash(dashes, total, options.DashOffset)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		for _, part := range parts {
+			outline, err := part.stroke(options)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			result = append(result, outline...)
+			if len(result) > 1<<20 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("stroke outline limit exceeded")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if err := result.validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// strokePolylines 自适应展开贝塞尔，弦长亏损同时约束虚线累计长度误差
+// 入参: tolerance 展开误差
+// 返回: []geometryPolyline 子路径, error 展开限制
+func (p GeometryPath) strokePolylines(tolerance float64) ([]geometryPolyline, error) {
+	curves, err := p.Curves(tolerance / 2)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var result []geometryPolyline
+	var line geometryPolyline
+	var current, start Point
+	drawn := false
+	flush := func() {
+		if drawn {
+			result = append(result, line)
+		}
+		line, drawn = geometryPolyline{}, false
+	}
+	count := 0
+	var flatten func([]Point, float64, int) error
+	flatten = func(points []Point, budget float64, depth int) error {
+		first, last := points[0], points[len(points)-1]
+		chord := math.Hypot(last.X-first.X, last.Y-first.Y)
+		length, distance := 0.0, 0.0
+		for i := 1; i < len(points); i++ {
+			length += math.Hypot(points[i].X-points[i-1].X, points[i].Y-points[i-1].Y)
+			if i == len(points)-1 {
+				continue
+			}
+			if chord == 0 {
+				distance = math.Max(distance, math.Hypot(points[i].X-first.X, points[i].Y-first.Y))
+			} else {
+				distance = math.Max(distance, math.Abs((points[i].X-first.X)*((last.Y-first.Y)/chord)-(points[i].Y-first.Y)*((last.X-first.X)/chord)))
+			}
+		}
+		if !finite(length) || !finite(distance) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("stroke curve overflow")
+		}
+		if distance <= tolerance && length-chord <= budget {
+			if last != line.points[len(line.points)-1] {
+				line.points = append(line.points, last)
+				count++
+			}
+			if count > 1<<18 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("stroke subdivision limit exceeded")
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+		if depth == 24 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("stroke curve tolerance cannot be met")
+		}
+		work := append([]Point(nil), points...)
+		left, right := make([]Point, len(points)), make([]Point, len(points))
+		for n := len(points); n > 0; n-- {
+			left[len(points)-n], right[n-1] = work[0], work[n-1]
+			for i := 0; i < n-1; i++ {
+				work[i] = geometryLerp(work[i], work[i+1], .5)
+			}
+		}
+		if err := flatten(left, budget/2, depth+1); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return flatten(right, budget/2, depth+1)
+	}
+	for _, s := range curves {
+		switch s.Verb {
+		case GeometryMove:
+			flush()
+			current, start = s.End, s.End
+			line.points = []Point{current}
+		case GeometryClose:
+			if drawn {
+				if current != start {
+					line.points = append(line.points, start)
+				}
+				line.closed = true
+			}
+			flush()
+			current = start
+			line.points = []Point{current}
+		default:
+			drawn = true
+			points := []Point{current}
+			if s.Verb == GeometryQuad || s.Verb == GeometryCubic {
+				points = append(points, s.Control1)
+			}
+			if s.Verb == GeometryCubic {
+				points = append(points, s.Control2)
+			}
+			points = append(points, s.End)
+			if err := flatten(points, tolerance/float64(len(curves)), 0); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			current = s.End
+		}
+	}
+	flush()
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// dash 按子路径重置相位并合并跨闭合接缝的连续虚线
+// 入参: pattern 正长度偶数虚线数组, total 周期, offset 偏移
+// 返回: []geometryPolyline 虚线段, error 长度或细分限制
+func (line geometryPolyline) dash(pattern []float64, total, offset float64) ([]geometryPolyline, error) {
+	phase := math.Mod(offset, total)
+	if phase < 0 {
+		phase += total
+	}
+	index := 0
+	for phase >= pattern[index] {
+		phase -= pattern[index]
+		index = (index + 1) % len(pattern)
+	}
+	if len(line.points) == 1 {
+		if index%2 == 0 {
+			return []geometryPolyline{line}, nil
+		}
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	remaining := pattern[index] - phase
+	var result []geometryPolyline
+	var run []Point
+	flush := func() {
+		if len(run) != 0 {
+			result = append(result, geometryPolyline{points: run})
+			run = nil
+		}
+	}
+	steps := 0
+	for i := 1; i < len(line.points); i++ {
+		a, b := line.points[i-1], line.points[i]
+		length := math.Hypot(b.X-a.X, b.Y-a.Y)
+		if !finite(length) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("stroke dash length overflow")
+		}
+		for at := 0.0; at < length; {
+			step := math.Min(remaining, length-at)
+			if at+step == at || steps > 1<<18 {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("stroke dash subdivision limit exceeded")
+			}
+			steps++
+			if index%2 == 0 {
+				if len(run) == 0 {
+					run = append(run, geometryLerp(a, b, at/length))
+				}
+				run = append(run, geometryLerp(a, b, (at+step)/length))
+			}
+			at += step
+			remaining -= step
+			if remaining == 0 {
+				flush()
+				index = (index + 1) % len(pattern)
+				remaining = pattern[index]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	flush()
+	if line.closed && len(result) > 0 {
+		first, last := &result[0], &result[len(result)-1]
+		if first.points[0] == line.points[0] && last.points[len(last.points)-1] == line.points[0] {
+			if len(result) == 1 {
+				first.closed = true
+			} else {
+				first.points = append(last.points[:len(last.points)-1], first.points...)
+				result = result[:len(result)-1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// stroke 用同向矩形、连接楔形及圆盘组成非零填充区域
+// 入参: options 描边样式
+// 返回: GeometryPath 填充轮廓, error 不支持的退化方形线帽
+func (line geometryPolyline) stroke(options StrokeOptions) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	var result GeometryPath
+	half := options.Width / 2
+	polygon := func(points ...Point) {
+		scale := 0.0
+		for _, p := range points {
+			scale = math.Max(scale, math.Max(math.Abs(p.X-points[0].X), math.Abs(p.Y-points[0].Y)))
+		}
+		if scale == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		area := 0.0
+		for i, p := range points {
+			q := points[(i+1)%len(points)]
+			area += ((p.X-points[0].X)/scale)*((q.Y-points[0].Y)/scale) - ((p.Y-points[0].Y)/scale)*((q.X-points[0].X)/scale)
+		}
+		if area == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		if area < 0 {
+			for i, j := 0, len(points)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
+				points[i], points[j] = points[j], points[i]
+			}
+		}
+		result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryMove, End: points[0]})
+		for _, p := range points[1:] {
+			result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryLine, End: p})
+		}
+		result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryClose})
+	}
+	disk := func(p Point) {
+		result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryMove, End: Point{p.X + half, p.Y}},
+			GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryArc, RadiusX: half, RadiusY: half, Sweep: true, End: Point{p.X - half, p.Y}},
+			GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryArc, RadiusX: half, RadiusY: half, Sweep: true, End: Point{p.X + half, p.Y}},
+			GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryClose})
+	}
+	points := line.points
+	if len(points) == 1 {
+		if line.closed {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("directionless closed stroke: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+		}
+		if options.Cap == "Round" {
+			disk(points[0])
+		} else if options.Cap == "Square" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("directionless square stroke cap: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+		}
+		return result, nil
+	}
+	directions := make([]Point, len(points)-1)
+	for i := range directions {
+		a, b := points[i], points[i+1]
+		length := math.Hypot(b.X-a.X, b.Y-a.Y)
+		if length == 0 || !finite(length) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid stroke segment length")
+		}
+		d := Point{(b.X - a.X) / length, (b.Y - a.Y) / length}
+		directions[i] = d
+		n := Point{-half * d.Y, half * d.X}
+		polygon(Point{a.X + n.X, a.Y + n.Y}, Point{b.X + n.X, b.Y + n.Y}, Point{b.X - n.X, b.Y - n.Y}, Point{a.X - n.X, a.Y - n.Y})
+	}
+	join := func(p, a, b Point) {
+		cross := a.X*b.Y - a.Y*b.X
+		if cross == 0 {
+			if options.Join == "Round" && a.X*b.X+a.Y*b.Y < 0 {
+				disk(p)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+		side := -math.Copysign(half, cross)
+		x := Point{p.X - side*a.Y, p.Y + side*a.X}
+		y := Point{p.X - side*b.Y, p.Y + side*b.X}
+		if options.Join == "Round" {
+			if cross < 0 {
+				x, y = y, x
+			}
+			result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryMove, End: p},
+				GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryLine, End: x},
+				GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryArc, RadiusX: half, RadiusY: half, Sweep: true, End: y},
+				GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryClose})
+			return
+		}
+		limit := options.MiterLimit
+		if limit == 0 {
+			limit = defaultMiterLimit
+		}
+		if options.Join == "" || options.Join == "Miter" {
+			t := ((y.X-x.X)*b.Y - (y.Y-x.Y)*b.X) / cross
+			m := Point{x.X + t*a.X, x.Y + t*a.Y}
+			if math.Hypot(m.X-p.X, m.Y-p.Y) <= half*limit {
+				polygon(p, x, m, y)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		polygon(p, x, y)
+	}
+	for i := 1; i < len(points)-1; i++ {
+		join(points[i], directions[i-1], directions[i])
+	}
+	if line.closed {
+		join(points[0], directions[len(directions)-1], directions[0])
+	} else {
+		for _, end := range []struct{ p, d Point }{{points[0], Point{-directions[0].X, -directions[0].Y}}, {points[len(points)-1], directions[len(directions)-1]}} {
+			if options.Cap == "Round" {
+				disk(end.p)
+			} else if options.Cap == "Square" {
+				p, d := end.p, end.d
+				n := Point{-half * d.Y, half * d.X}
+				polygon(Point{p.X + n.X, p.Y + n.Y}, Point{p.X + n.X + half*d.X, p.Y + n.Y + half*d.Y}, Point{p.X - n.X + half*d.X, p.Y - n.Y + half*d.Y}, Point{p.X - n.X, p.Y - n.Y})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
diff --git a/ofdgo_geom_transform.go b/ofdgo_geom_transform.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..773e5e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ofdgo_geom_transform.go
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+// Copyright 2025-2026 肖其顿 (XIAO QI DUN)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ofdgo
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"slices"
+)
+
+// validate 校验公共路径指令、子路径起点和有限坐标
+// 返回: error 无效路径
+func (p GeometryPath) validate() error {
+	started := false
+	for _, s := range p {
+		points := []Point{s.End}
+		switch s.Verb {
+		case GeometryMove:
+			started = true
+		case GeometryLine:
+		case GeometryQuad:
+			points = append(points, s.Control1)
+		case GeometryCubic:
+			points = append(points, s.Control1, s.Control2)
+		case GeometryArc:
+			if !finite(s.RadiusX) || !finite(s.RadiusY) || !finite(s.Rotation) || s.RadiusX < 0 || s.RadiusY < 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid arc parameters")
+			}
+		case GeometryClose:
+			points = nil
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("unsupported geometry command %d", s.Verb)
+		}
+		if !started {
+			return fmt.Errorf("geometry path must start with move")
+		}
+		for _, point := range points {
+			if !finite(point.X) || !finite(point.Y) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("non-finite geometry coordinate")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Transform 精确变换控制点和椭圆轴，退化弧沿投影极值分段保留折返
+// 入参: matrix 仿射变换
+// 返回: GeometryPath 独立路径, error 无效路径或数值溢出
+func (p GeometryPath) Transform(matrix Matrix) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	if err := p.validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	for _, value := range matrix.Values() {
+		if !finite(value) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid geometry transform")
+		}
+	}
+	matrixScale := math.Max(math.Max(math.Abs(matrix.a), math.Abs(matrix.b)), math.Max(math.Abs(matrix.c), math.Abs(matrix.d)))
+	determinant := 0.0
+	if matrixScale != 0 {
+		determinant = (matrix.a/matrixScale)*(matrix.d/matrixScale) - (matrix.b/matrixScale)*(matrix.c/matrixScale)
+	}
+	transform := func(p Point) Point {
+		x, y := matrix.Transform(p.X, p.Y)
+		return Point{x, y}
+	}
+	var result GeometryPath
+	var current, start Point
+	for _, s := range p {
+		originalSegment := s
+		original := s.End
+		s.End = transform(s.End)
+		switch s.Verb {
+		case GeometryMove:
+			start = original
+		case GeometryQuad:
+			s.Control1 = transform(s.Control1)
+		case GeometryCubic:
+			s.Control1, s.Control2 = transform(s.Control1), transform(s.Control2)
+		case GeometryClose:
+			original, s.End = start, transform(start)
+		case GeometryArc:
+			a, err := centerArc(current, originalSegment)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			if current == original {
+				current = original
+				continue
+			}
+			if s.RadiusX == 0 || s.RadiusY == 0 {
+				s = GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryLine, End: s.End}
+			} else {
+				a.center = transform(a.center)
+				a.u.X, a.u.Y = matrixVector(matrix, a.u.X, a.u.Y)
+				a.v.X, a.v.Y = matrixVector(matrix, a.v.X, a.v.Y)
+				scale := math.Max(math.Hypot(a.u.X, a.u.Y), math.Hypot(a.v.X, a.v.Y))
+				if !finite(scale) {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("arc transform overflow")
+				}
+				if scale == 0 {
+					if matrixScale != 0 {
+						return nil, fmt.Errorf("arc transform precision exhausted")
+					}
+					s = GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryLine, End: s.End}
+				} else {
+					ux, uy, vx, vy := a.u.X/scale, a.u.Y/scale, a.v.X/scale, a.v.Y/scale
+					det := ux*vy - uy*vx
+					if determinant != 0 && det == 0 {
+						return nil, fmt.Errorf("arc transform precision exhausted")
+					}
+					if determinant == 0 {
+						fractions := []float64{}
+						for _, angle := range []float64{math.Atan2(a.v.X, a.u.X), math.Atan2(a.v.Y, a.u.Y)} {
+							for _, angle := range []float64{angle, angle + math.Pi} {
+								if f := a.fraction(angle); f > 0 && f < 1 {
+									fractions = append(fractions, f)
+								}
+							}
+						}
+						slices.Sort(fractions)
+						for _, f := range slices.Compact(fractions) {
+							result = append(result, GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryLine, End: a.point(a.theta + f*a.delta)})
+						}
+						s = GeometrySegment{Verb: GeometryLine, End: s.End}
+					} else {
+						xx, yy, xy := ux*ux+vx*vx, uy*uy+vy*vy, ux*uy+vx*vy
+						radius := math.Sqrt((xx + yy + math.Hypot(xx-yy, 2*xy)) / 2)
+						s.RadiusX, s.RadiusY = scale*radius, scale*math.Abs(det)/radius
+						if s.RadiusY == 0 {
+							return nil, fmt.Errorf("arc transform precision exhausted")
+						}
+						s.Rotation = math.Atan2(2*xy, xx-yy) * 90 / math.Pi
+						if det < 0 {
+							s.Sweep = !s.Sweep
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		current = original
+	}
+	if err := result.validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
diff --git a/ofdgo_package.go b/ofdgo_package.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..829d644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ofdgo_package.go
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// Copyright 2025-2026 肖其顿 (XIAO QI DUN)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ofdgo
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"path"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// packageDirectory 获取当前文档的包内根目录，新建文档与编辑文档共用布局
+// 返回: string 文档目录
+func (e *Editor) packageDirectory() string {
+	if e.source != nil {
+		return e.source.directory
+	}
+	return "Doc_0"
+}
+
+// packagePagePath 按稳定页面标识生成路径，页面重排不改变文件名
+// 入参: directory 文档目录, id 页面标识
+// 返回: string 页面路径
+func packagePagePath(directory, id string) string {
+	return path.Join(directory, "Pages", "Page_"+id, "Content.xml")
+}
+
+// packageOFDNode 判断包索引中的标准节点，兼容旧版及省略命名空间的文档
+// 入参: node XML节点, name 节点名称
+// 返回: bool 是否为标准节点
+func packageOFDNode(node *editorXML, name string) bool {
+	return node.name.Local == name && (node.name.Space == "" || node.name.Space == ofdNamespace || node.name.Space == "http://www.ofdspec.org")
+}
+
+// packageName 为新增条目分配文档内路径，不覆盖原文件或本次资源
+// 入参: relative 文档相对路径
+// 返回: string 未占用路径
+func (e *Editor) packageName(relative string) string {
+	var reader *Reader
+	if e.source != nil {
+		reader = e.source.reader
+	}
+	files := make(map[string][]byte, len(e.resources))
+	for _, resource := range e.resources {
+		files[resource.name] = nil
+	}
+	return packageAvailableName(reader, files, path.Join(e.packageDirectory(), relative))
+}
+
+// packageAvailableName 仅在包内同名条目冲突时添加序号，忽略大小写差异
+// 入参: reader 原包，可为nil, files 待写入条目, name 期望路径
+// 返回: string 未占用路径
+func packageAvailableName(reader *Reader, files map[string][]byte, name string) string {
+	base, extension := strings.TrimSuffix(name, path.Ext(name)), path.Ext(name)
+	for i := 0; ; i++ {
+		candidate := name
+		if i != 0 {
+			candidate = base + "_" + strconv.Itoa(i) + extension
+		}
+		occupied := false
+		if reader != nil {
+			_, occupied = reader.packageFile(candidate)
+			for file := range reader.files {
+				occupied = occupied || strings.EqualFold(cleanPackagePath(file), candidate)
+			}
+		}
+		for file := range files {
+			occupied = occupied || strings.EqualFold(cleanPackagePath(file), candidate)
+		}
+		if !occupied {
+			return candidate
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// mergePackageResources 合并新增资源定义，保留原索引、路径基准与未知字段
+// 入参: reader 原包, parts 待写入条目, doc 文档, directory 文档目录, added 新增资源XML，文件引用使用绝对包路径
+// 返回: string 资源索引路径, bool 是否需要新增文档引用, error 错误信息
+func mergePackageResources(reader *Reader, parts map[string][]byte, doc *Document, directory string, added []byte) (string, bool, error) {
+	if len(doc.CommonData.DocumentRes) == 0 {
+		name := packageAvailableName(reader, parts, path.Join(directory, "DocumentRes.xml"))
+		parts[name] = added
+		return name, true, nil
+	}
+	name := reader.ResPath(doc.CommonData.DocumentRes[0])
+	if file, ok := reader.packageFile(name); ok {
+		name = cleanPackagePath(file.Name)
+	}
+	data, ok := parts[name]
+	if !ok {
+		var err error
+		data, err = reader.readFile(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", false, err
+		}
+	}
+	addition, err := parseEditorXML(added)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", false, err
+	}
+	order := []string{"ColorSpaces", "DrawParams", "Fonts", "MultiMedias", "CompositeGraphicUnits"}
+	for _, group := range addition.children {
+		root, err := parseEditorXML(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", false, err
+		}
+		target := root.child(group.name.Local)
+		var content []byte
+		for _, node := range group.children {
+			if target != nil && slices.ContainsFunc(target.children, func(old *editorXML) bool {
+				return packageOFDNode(old, node.name.Local) && old.attr("ID") == node.attr("ID")
+			}) {
+				continue
+			}
+			entry, err := editorXMLStandalone(added[node.start:node.end], node)
+			if err != nil {
+				return "", false, err
+			}
+			content = append(content, entry...)
+		}
+		if len(content) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		if target != nil {
+			content = append(bytes.Clone(data[target.open:target.close]), content...)
+			data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{editorXMLContent(data, target, content)})
+			continue
+		}
+		content, err = editorXMLContainer(group.name.Local, nil, content)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", false, err
+		}
+		position := root.close
+		for _, child := range root.children {
+			if packageOFDNode(child, child.name.Local) && slices.Index(order, child.name.Local) > slices.Index(order, group.name.Local) {
+				position = child.start
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if root.open == root.end {
+			data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{editorXMLContent(data, root, content)})
+		} else {
+			data = editorPatchXML(data, []editorXMLPatch{{position, position, content}})
+		}
+	}
+	parts[name] = data
+	return name, false, nil
+}
diff --git a/ofdgo_paint_model.go b/ofdgo_paint_model.go
index 07544cd..7e8d192 100644
--- a/ofdgo_paint_model.go
+++ b/ofdgo_paint_model.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ package ofdgo
 
 import "image/color"
 
-// ColorStop 保存预乘RGBA颜色节点及渐变区间位置
+// ColorStop 保存渐变区间位置及预乘RGBA颜色节点
 type ColorStop struct {
 	Offset float64
 	Color  color.RGBA
diff --git a/ofdgo_raster.go b/ofdgo_raster.go
index 7539768..8d1a289 100644
--- a/ofdgo_raster.go
+++ b/ofdgo_raster.go
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ type RasterSegment struct {
 }
 
 // RasterCommand 填充路径或绘制图像，Image非空时为图像指令
-// Transform将局部坐标映射到页面，图像局部坐标与image.Image的像素坐标一致
-// Stroke非空时为描边，宽度与虚线使用页面毫米，不随Transform再次缩放
 // EvenOdd仅控制填充规则，不影响描边
+// Transform将局部坐标映射到页面，图像局部坐标与image.Image的像素坐标一致
 // Clip为页面坐标裁剪，适用于路径和图像，nil表示不裁剪，空切片表示全部裁去
+// Stroke非空时为描边，宽度与虚线使用页面毫米，不随Transform再次缩放
 type RasterCommand struct {
 	Path      []RasterSegment
 	Paint     RasterPaint
diff --git a/ofdgo_raster_scene.go b/ofdgo_raster_scene.go
index 583d230..d0ff52b 100644
--- a/ofdgo_raster_scene.go
+++ b/ofdgo_raster_scene.go
@@ -32,7 +32,32 @@ type RasterSceneBackend interface {
 	Prepare(page *RasterPage) (RasterScene, error)
 }
 
-// PreparePage 编译并准备当前配置的页面场景，不自动跟踪后续编辑
+// RasterSceneUpdater 可选的增量场景能力，保持原后端与显式几何配置
+// Update按新页面的完整内容及DPI使派生数据失效，失败时原场景仍可绘制
+// 图片仍为只读借用，编辑图片应提供新资源；修改后端配置应重新Prepare
+type RasterSceneUpdater interface {
+	RasterScene
+	Update(page *RasterPage) error
+}
+
+// RasterSceneReuseBackend 可选的跨快照复用能力，不改变显式后端选择
+// 实现必须验证前次场景及配置，返回独立快照，不能修改仍可使用的旧场景
+type RasterSceneReuseBackend interface {
+	RasterSceneBackend
+	PrepareReuse(page *RasterPage, previous RasterScene) (RasterScene, error)
+}
+
+// rasterPreparationKey 隔离渲染器私有的前次场景
+type rasterPreparationKey struct{}
+
+// rasterPreparationState 记录前次场景及实际后端配置
+type rasterPreparationState struct {
+	backend RasterBackend
+	scene   RasterScene
+}
+
+// PreparePage 编译并准备当前配置的独立页面快照，按后端能力复用未修改指令
+// 每次重新解释源页面，按内容使模板、签章、字体及样式派生数据失效
 // 入参: page 源页面
 // 返回: RasterScene 可重复绘制场景, error 编译或准备错误
 func (r *Renderer) PreparePage(page *PageContent) (RasterScene, error) {
@@ -43,6 +68,19 @@ func (r *Renderer) PreparePage(page *PageContent) (RasterScene, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if backend, ok := r.backends.Raster.(RasterSceneReuseBackend); ok {
+		state, _ := r.backendStates[rasterPreparationKey{}].(rasterPreparationState)
+		var previous RasterScene
+		if sameBackend(state.backend, r.backends.Raster) {
+			previous = state.scene
+		}
+		scene, err := backend.PrepareReuse(compiled, previous)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		r.backendStates[rasterPreparationKey{}] = rasterPreparationState{backend: r.backends.Raster, scene: scene}
+		return scene, nil
+	}
 	return PrepareRasterScene(r.backends.Raster, compiled)
 }
 
diff --git a/ofdgo_render_cache.go b/ofdgo_render_cache.go
index 40b4b00..ccca6c2 100644
--- a/ofdgo_render_cache.go
+++ b/ofdgo_render_cache.go
@@ -14,7 +14,12 @@
 
 package ofdgo
 
-import "container/list"
+import (
+	"container/list"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"math"
+)
 
 // renderCache 按估算字节数限制派生渲染数据，淘汰不修改源资源
 type renderCache[K comparable, V any] struct {
@@ -66,3 +71,84 @@ func (c *renderCache[K, V]) put(key K, value V, cost int) {
 	c.entries[key] = c.order.PushFront(renderCacheEntry[K, V]{key, value, cost})
 	c.used += cost
 }
+
+// rasterCommandCost 估算指令快照及后端路径的缓存成本，不含借用图片
+// 入参: command 绘制指令
+// 返回: int 字节成本
+func rasterCommandCost(command RasterCommand) int {
+	cost := 512 + (len(command.Path)+len(command.Clip))*208
+	if command.Stroke != nil {
+		cost += 128 + len(command.Stroke.Dashes)*16
+	}
+	if command.Paint.Gradient != nil {
+		cost += 256 + len(command.Paint.Gradient.Stops)*64
+	}
+	return cost
+}
+
+// rasterCommandKey 按完整路径、样式、裁剪及像素配置标识非图片指令
+// 入参: page 页面尺寸和DPI, command 绘制指令
+// 返回: [32]byte 内容键
+func rasterCommandKey(page *RasterPage, command RasterCommand) [32]byte {
+	h := sha256.New()
+	path, clip := rasterClipKey(page, command.Path), rasterClipKey(page, command.Clip)
+	h.Write(path[:])
+	h.Write(clip[:])
+	var data [8]byte
+	number := func(value float64) {
+		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(data[:], math.Float64bits(value))
+		h.Write(data[:])
+	}
+	flag := func(value bool) {
+		if value {
+			h.Write([]byte{1})
+		} else {
+			h.Write([]byte{0})
+		}
+	}
+	word := func(value string) {
+		number(float64(len(value)))
+		h.Write([]byte(value))
+	}
+	flag(command.Clip != nil)
+	flag(command.EvenOdd)
+	for _, value := range command.Transform {
+		number(value)
+	}
+	c := command.Paint.Color
+	h.Write([]byte{c.R, c.G, c.B, c.A})
+	flag(command.Stroke != nil)
+	if stroke := command.Stroke; stroke != nil {
+		number(stroke.Width)
+		number(stroke.MiterLimit)
+		number(stroke.Tolerance)
+		number(stroke.DashOffset)
+		word(stroke.Cap)
+		word(stroke.Join)
+		number(float64(len(stroke.Dashes)))
+		for _, dash := range stroke.Dashes {
+			number(dash)
+		}
+	}
+	flag(command.Paint.Gradient != nil)
+	if g := command.Paint.Gradient; g != nil {
+		h.Write([]byte{byte(g.Kind)})
+		for _, value := range []float64{g.Start.X, g.Start.Y, g.End.X, g.End.Y, g.R0, g.R1} {
+			number(value)
+		}
+		flag(g.Spread != nil)
+		if spread := g.Spread; spread != nil {
+			number(float64(spread.Extend))
+			number(spread.Period)
+			word(spread.MapType)
+		}
+		for _, stop := range g.Stops {
+			number(stop.Offset)
+			c := stop.Color
+			h.Write([]byte{c.R, c.G, c.B, c.A})
+		}
+	}
+	var key [32]byte
+	copy(key[:], h.Sum(nil))
+	return key
+}
diff --git a/ofdgo_render_compile_image.go b/ofdgo_render_compile_image.go
index 87a0e88..231dcf9 100644
--- a/ofdgo_render_compile_image.go
+++ b/ofdgo_render_compile_image.go
@@ -121,6 +121,13 @@ func (c *semanticCompiler) addImage(img image.Image, matrix Matrix, clip *Geomet
 // 入参: stamp 印章
 // 返回: error 印章解析或编译错误
 func (c *semanticCompiler) DrawStamp(stamp Stamp) error {
+	return c.sharedStamp(stamp, (*semanticCompiler).drawStampContent)
+}
+
+// drawStampContent 解释未缓存的签章内容，保持嵌套文档及裁剪语义
+// 入参: stamp 印章
+// 返回: error 印章解析或编译错误
+func (c *semanticCompiler) drawStampContent(stamp Stamp) error {
 	if c.textOnly || c.measure || len(stamp.Data) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
diff --git a/ofdgo_render_output.go b/ofdgo_render_output.go
index ca87bab..5654394 100644
--- a/ofdgo_render_output.go
+++ b/ofdgo_render_output.go
@@ -174,14 +174,11 @@ func (r *Renderer) exportProgress(completed, total int) error {
 // 入参: page 页面内容
 // 返回: image.Image 图像对象, error 错误信息
 func (r *Renderer) RenderToImage(page *PageContent) (image.Image, error) {
-	if r.backends.Raster == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("raster: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
-	}
-	scene, err := r.CompilePage(page)
+	scene, err := r.PreparePage(page)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return r.backends.Raster.Render(scene)
+	return scene.Render()
 }
 
 // RenderToPNG 渲染为PNG，像素尺寸由DPI决定
diff --git a/ofdgo_render_pattern.go b/ofdgo_render_pattern.go
index 86eb0fb..d804977 100644
--- a/ofdgo_render_pattern.go
+++ b/ofdgo_render_pattern.go
@@ -14,11 +14,86 @@
 
 package ofdgo
 
-// patternCellKey 区分共享底纹、颜色、透明度和实际页面变换
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"slices"
+)
+
+// stampContentKey 区分印章内容、物理尺寸、裁剪与字体栅格化精度，不含放置位置
+type stampContentKey struct {
+	data          [32]byte
+	kind          string
+	width, height float64
+	dpi           float64
+	clip          Box
+	clipped       bool
+	annotations   bool
+}
+
+// stampContentState 保存有界的共享签章编译结果及配置
+type stampContentState struct {
+	config RenderBackends
+	cache  renderCache[stampContentKey, []RasterCommand]
+}
+
+// stampContentStateKey 隔离渲染器私有的共享签章数据
+type stampContentStateKey struct{}
+
+// resetFonts 使包含文字的签章编译结果随字体配置失效
+func (s *stampContentState) resetFonts() {
+	s.cache = renderCache[stampContentKey, []RasterCommand]{limit: 16 << 20}
+}
+
+// sharedStamp 复用相同签章的解码、嵌套文档编译及局部裁剪，不缓存放置位置
+// 入参: stamp 签章, compile 未缓存的签章编译方法
+// 返回: error 签章解析或编译错误
+func (c *semanticCompiler) sharedStamp(stamp Stamp, compile func(*semanticCompiler, Stamp) error) error {
+	if c.textOnly || c.measure || len(stamp.Data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	r := c.renderer
+	state, _ := r.backendStates[stampContentStateKey{}].(*stampContentState)
+	config := r.backends
+	if state == nil || !sameBackend(state.config.Fonts, config.Fonts) || !sameBackend(state.config.Geometry, config.Geometry) ||
+		!sameBackend(state.config.Compiler, config.Compiler) || !sameBackend(state.config.Raster, config.Raster) {
+		state = &stampContentState{config: config}
+		state.resetFonts()
+		r.backendStates[stampContentStateKey{}] = state
+	}
+	key := stampContentKey{data: sha256.Sum256(stamp.Data), kind: stamp.Type, width: stamp.Box.W, height: stamp.Box.H, dpi: c.page.DPI, clipped: stamp.Clip != nil, annotations: r.RenderAnnotations}
+	if stamp.Clip != nil {
+		key.clip = *stamp.Clip
+	}
+	commands, ok := state.cache.get(key)
+	if !ok {
+		local := stamp
+		local.Box.X, local.Box.Y = 0, 0
+		page := &RasterPage{Width: c.page.Width, Height: c.page.Height, DPI: c.page.DPI}
+		child := &semanticCompiler{renderer: r, geometry: c.geometry, page: page, patterns: c.patterns}
+		if err := compile(child, local); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		commands = page.Commands
+		cost := 0
+		for _, command := range commands {
+			cost += rasterCommandCost(command)
+			if command.Image != nil {
+				bounds := command.Image.Bounds()
+				cost += bounds.Dx() * bounds.Dy() * 4
+			}
+		}
+		state.cache.put(key, commands, cost)
+	}
+	c.page.Commands = append(c.page.Commands, translatePatternCommands(commands, stamp.Box.X, stamp.Box.Y)...)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// patternCellKey 区分共享底纹、颜色、透明度和影响单元语义的页面变换
 type patternCellKey struct {
 	pattern      *Pattern
 	color, space string
 	index, alpha int
+	colorAlpha   int
 	matrix       [6]float64
 }
 
@@ -26,15 +101,23 @@ type patternCellKey struct {
 // 入参: pattern 底纹画刷, matrix 单元到页面矩阵
 // 返回: []RasterCommand 只读单元指令, error 编译错误
 func (c *semanticCompiler) patternCell(pattern *PatternPaint, matrix Matrix) ([]RasterCommand, error) {
-	key := patternCellKey{pattern: pattern.Pattern, color: pattern.Color.Value, space: pattern.Color.ColorSpace, index: -1, alpha: 255, matrix: matrix.Values()}
+	x, y := 0.0, 0.0
+	if patternCellTranslatable(pattern) {
+		x, y = matrix.e, matrix.f
+		matrix.e, matrix.f = 0, 0
+	}
+	key := patternCellKey{pattern: pattern.Pattern, color: pattern.Color.Value, space: pattern.Color.ColorSpace, index: -1, alpha: 255, colorAlpha: 255, matrix: matrix.Values()}
 	if pattern.Color.Index != nil {
 		key.index = *pattern.Color.Index
 	}
 	if pattern.Alpha != nil {
 		key.alpha = *pattern.Alpha
 	}
+	if pattern.Color.Alpha != nil {
+		key.colorAlpha = *pattern.Color.Alpha
+	}
 	if commands, ok := c.patterns.get(key); ok {
-		return commands, nil
+		return translatePatternCommands(commands, x, y), nil
 	}
 	child := &semanticCompiler{renderer: c.renderer, geometry: c.geometry, page: &RasterPage{Width: c.page.Width, Height: c.page.Height, DPI: c.page.DPI}, pattern: true, patterns: c.patterns}
 	defaults := &DrawParam{FillColor: &pattern.Color, StrokeColor: (*StrokeColor)(&pattern.Color)}
@@ -46,13 +129,70 @@ func (c *semanticCompiler) patternCell(pattern *PatternPaint, matrix Matrix) ([]
 	}
 	cost := 0
 	for _, cmd := range child.page.Commands {
-		cost += 256 + (len(cmd.Path)+len(cmd.Clip))*104
-		if cmd.Paint.Gradient != nil {
-			cost += 128 + len(cmd.Paint.Gradient.Stops)*16
-		}
+		cost += rasterCommandCost(cmd)
 	}
 	c.patterns.put(key, child.page.Commands, cost)
-	return child.page.Commands, nil
+	return translatePatternCommands(child.page.Commands, x, y), nil
+}
+
+// patternCellTranslatable 检查无需按页面位置重新解释的叶子单元
+// 入参: pattern 底纹画刷
+// 返回: bool 是否可仅平移编译结果
+func patternCellTranslatable(pattern *PatternPaint) bool {
+	if pattern.Color.Pattern != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, object := range pattern.CellContent.Objects {
+		var fill, stroke *FillColor
+		switch object.Type {
+		case "PathObject":
+			if object.PathObject.DrawParam != "" {
+				return false
+			}
+			fill, stroke = object.PathObject.FillColor, (*FillColor)(object.PathObject.StrokeColor)
+		case "TextObject":
+			if object.TextObject.DrawParam != "" {
+				return false
+			}
+			fill, stroke = object.TextObject.FillColor, (*FillColor)(object.TextObject.StrokeColor)
+		case "ImageObject":
+			if object.ImageObject.Border != nil {
+				stroke = (*FillColor)(object.ImageObject.Border.BorderColor)
+			}
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+		if fill != nil && fill.Pattern != nil || stroke != nil && stroke.Pattern != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// translatePatternCommands 平移单元实例，共享只读路径和画刷，独立处理页面裁剪
+// 入参: commands 原点单元, x 横向平移, y 纵向平移
+// 返回: []RasterCommand 放置后的指令
+func translatePatternCommands(commands []RasterCommand, x, y float64) []RasterCommand {
+	if x == 0 && y == 0 {
+		return commands
+	}
+	result := slices.Clone(commands)
+	for i := range result {
+		command := &result[i]
+		command.Transform[4] += x
+		command.Transform[5] += y
+		if command.Clip != nil {
+			command.Clip = slices.Clone(command.Clip)
+			matrix := RasterMatrix{1, 0, 0, 1, x, y}
+			for j := range command.Clip {
+				segment := &command.Clip[j]
+				segment.End = matrix.Apply(segment.End)
+				segment.Control1 = matrix.Apply(segment.Control1)
+				segment.Control2 = matrix.Apply(segment.Control2)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return result
 }
 
 // appendPatternCell 将缓存指令放入当前裁剪，不修改单元数据
diff --git a/ofdgo_render_text.go b/ofdgo_render_text.go
index afafa7e..8817da6 100644
--- a/ofdgo_render_text.go
+++ b/ofdgo_render_text.go
@@ -82,6 +82,71 @@ func (r *Renderer) preparedOutline(prepared *PreparedFont, metrics FontMetrics,
 	return path, err
 }
 
+// preparedOutlines 批量提取缓存未命中的字形，保留原始编号顺序，不触发塑形
+// 入参: prepared 字体, metrics 度量, glyphs 字形编号, size 毫米字号
+// 返回: []GeometryPath 同序只读轮廓, error 能力或解析错误
+func (r *Renderer) preparedOutlines(prepared *PreparedFont, metrics FontMetrics, glyphs []uint16, size float64) ([]GeometryPath, error) {
+	result := make([]GeometryPath, len(glyphs))
+	var indices []int
+	missing := make([]uint16, 0)
+	unique := make(map[uint16]int)
+	for i, glyph := range glyphs {
+		if path, ok := r.glyphOutlines.get(glyphOutlineKey{prepared, glyph, size}); ok {
+			result[i] = path
+			continue
+		}
+		if indices == nil {
+			indices = make([]int, len(glyphs))
+			for j := range indices {
+				indices[j] = -1
+			}
+		}
+		index, ok := unique[glyph]
+		if !ok {
+			index = len(missing)
+			unique[glyph] = index
+			missing = append(missing, glyph)
+		}
+		indices[i] = index
+	}
+	if len(missing) == 0 {
+		return result, nil
+	}
+	var paths []GeometryPath
+	if batch, ok := metrics.(FontOutlineBatch); ok {
+		var err error
+		paths, err = batch.GlyphOutlines(missing, size)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if len(paths) != len(missing) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("font outline batch returned %d paths for %d glyphs", len(paths), len(missing))
+		}
+	} else {
+		provider, ok := metrics.(FontOutlines)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("font outlines: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+		}
+		paths = make([]GeometryPath, len(missing))
+		for i, glyph := range missing {
+			var err error
+			paths[i], err = provider.GlyphOutline(glyph, size)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for i, path := range paths {
+		r.glyphOutlines.put(glyphOutlineKey{prepared, missing[i], size}, path, len(path)*96+128)
+	}
+	for i, index := range indices {
+		if index >= 0 {
+			result[i] = paths[index]
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
 // renderObjectMatrix 统一边界、局部变换与父变换的组合顺序
 // 入参: boundary 对象边界, local 局部矩阵, state 继承状态
 // 返回: Matrix 页面矩阵, Matrix 不含边界平移的组合矩阵
@@ -237,19 +302,25 @@ func (r *Renderer) PositionText(object TextObject, state RenderState) (*Position
 				spans[i] = [2]int{0, 1}
 			}
 		}
-		positioner := NewTextPositioner(code, object.ReadDirection)
+		ids := make([]uint16, len(glyphs))
 		for i, glyph := range glyphs {
+			if glyph.GlyphID > math.MaxUint16 || glyph.GlyphID < 0 && glyph.Text == "" {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid glyph index %d", glyph.GlyphID)
+			}
 			gid := uint16(glyph.GlyphID)
 			if glyph.GlyphID < 0 {
 				characters := []rune(glyph.Text)
-				if len(characters) > 0 {
-					gid = metrics.GlyphIndex(characters[0])
-				}
-			}
-			path, err := r.preparedOutline(prepared, metrics, gid, size)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				gid = metrics.GlyphIndex(characters[0])
 			}
+			ids[i] = gid
+		}
+		paths, err := r.preparedOutlines(prepared, metrics, ids, size)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		positioner := NewTextPositioner(code, object.ReadDirection)
+		for i, gid := range ids {
+			path := paths[i]
 			width := float64(metrics.GlyphAdvance(gid)) * unit
 			advance := width * horizontal
 			if (object.ReadDirection-object.CharDirection)%180 != 0 {
diff --git a/ofdgo_renderer_font_gg.go b/ofdgo_renderer_font_gg.go
index e332fb8..f234bf2 100644
--- a/ofdgo_renderer_font_gg.go
+++ b/ofdgo_renderer_font_gg.go
@@ -16,14 +16,34 @@ package ofdgo
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"unicode"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
+	typefont "github.com/go-text/typesetting/font"
+	"github.com/go-text/typesetting/harfbuzz"
+	"github.com/go-text/typesetting/language"
 	ggtext "github.com/gogpu/gg/text"
+	xlanguage "golang.org/x/text/language"
 )
 
+// ggFontMetrics 适配GG设计单位度量与字形轮廓，按需缓存可配置塑形器
+type ggFontMetrics struct {
+	font        ggtext.ParsedFont
+	data        []byte
+	source      *ggtext.FontSource
+	shaper      *ggtext.OwnShaper
+	shapeMu     sync.Mutex
+	shapeFont   *harfbuzz.Font
+	shapeBuffer *harfbuzz.Buffer
+}
+
 // ResolveFont 使用公共字体来源匹配，不创建Canvas字体
 // 入参: r 渲染器, id 字体ID, exact 是否禁止无关回退
 // 返回: ResolvedFont 字体及来源, error 解析错误
@@ -43,16 +63,8 @@ func (GGBackend) OpenFont(data []byte) (FontMetrics, error) {
 	return &ggFontMetrics{font: source.Parsed(), data: data, source: source, shaper: ggtext.NewOwnShaper()}, nil
 }
 
-// ggFontMetrics 适配GG设计单位度量与字形轮廓
-type ggFontMetrics struct {
-	font   ggtext.ParsedFont
-	data   []byte
-	source *ggtext.FontSource
-	shaper *ggtext.OwnShaper
-}
-
 // ShapeText 使用GG执行横向字偶距与连字塑形，不改动原文定位
-// 当前支持拉丁、希腊、西里尔和东亚文字，复杂文字需提供其他FontShaper
+// 当前支持拉丁、希腊、西里尔和东亚文字，复杂文字可通过ShapeTextWithOptions指定脚本与方向
 // 入参: value 单行原文, size 毫米字号
 // 返回: []ShapedGlyph 定位字形, error 字符或能力错误
 func (f *ggFontMetrics) ShapeText(value string, size float64) ([]ShapedGlyph, error) {
@@ -60,7 +72,7 @@ func (f *ggFontMetrics) ShapeText(value string, size float64) ([]ShapedGlyph, er
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid shaping text or size")
 	}
 	for _, char := range value {
-		if unicode.IsControl(char) {
+		if unicode.IsControl(char) || char == '\u2028' || char == '\u2029' {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping requires a single text line")
 		}
 		if !unicode.In(char, unicode.Latin, unicode.Greek, unicode.Cyrillic, unicode.Han, unicode.Hiragana, unicode.Katakana, unicode.Hangul, unicode.Common, unicode.Inherited) {
@@ -75,6 +87,107 @@ func (f *ggFontMetrics) ShapeText(value string, size float64) ([]ShapedGlyph, er
 	return result, nil
 }
 
+// ShapeTextWithOptions 使用现有纯Go塑形引擎处理单一方向原文，保留逻辑簇和视觉位置
+// 不执行混合方向分段，调用方应将双向段落拆为单向文字对象
+// 入参: value 单行原文, size 毫米字号, options 塑形选项
+// 返回: []ShapedGlyph 定位字形, error 字符或选项错误
+func (f *ggFontMetrics) ShapeTextWithOptions(value string, size float64, options TextShapeOptions) ([]ShapedGlyph, error) {
+	if options == (TextShapeOptions{}) {
+		return f.ShapeText(value, size)
+	}
+	if !rasterPositive(size) || !utf8.ValidString(value) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid shaping text or size")
+	}
+	for _, char := range value {
+		if unicode.IsControl(char) || char == '\u2028' || char == '\u2029' {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping requires a single text line")
+		}
+	}
+	props := harfbuzz.SegmentProperties{Direction: harfbuzz.LeftToRight}
+	switch options.Direction {
+	case "", "ltr":
+	case "rtl":
+		props.Direction = harfbuzz.RightToLeft
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping direction %q: %w", options.Direction, ErrBackendUnavailable)
+	}
+	if options.Script != "" {
+		if len(options.Script) != 4 || strings.ContainsFunc(options.Script, func(c rune) bool { return c < 'A' || c > 'Z' && c < 'a' || c > 'z' }) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid shaping script %q", options.Script)
+		}
+		props.Script, _ = language.ParseScript(options.Script)
+	}
+	if options.Language != "" {
+		tag, err := xlanguage.Parse(options.Language)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping language: %w", err)
+		}
+		props.Language = language.NewLanguage(tag.String())
+	}
+	var features []harfbuzz.Feature
+	if options.Features != "" {
+		for _, setting := range strings.Split(options.Features, ",") {
+			setting = strings.TrimSpace(setting)
+			if strings.ContainsAny(setting, "[]") {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping feature ranges: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+			}
+			tag, value, hasValue := strings.Cut(setting, "=")
+			if len(tag) != 4 || strings.ContainsFunc(tag, func(c rune) bool { return c < '0' || c > '9' && c < 'A' || c > 'Z' && c < 'a' || c > 'z' }) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid shaping feature %q", setting)
+			}
+			if hasValue {
+				if _, err := strconv.ParseUint(value, 10, 32); err != nil {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping feature %q: %w", setting, err)
+				}
+			}
+			feature, err := harfbuzz.ParseFeature(setting)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping feature %q: %w", setting, err)
+			}
+			if feature.Start != harfbuzz.FeatureGlobalStart || feature.End != harfbuzz.FeatureGlobalEnd {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping feature ranges: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+			}
+			features = append(features, feature)
+		}
+	}
+	f.shapeMu.Lock()
+	defer f.shapeMu.Unlock()
+	if f.shapeFont == nil {
+		face, err := typefont.ParseTTF(bytes.NewReader(f.data))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaping font: %w", err)
+		}
+		f.shapeFont = harfbuzz.NewFont(face)
+		f.shapeBuffer = harfbuzz.NewBuffer()
+	}
+	buffer := f.shapeBuffer
+	buffer.Clear()
+	buffer.Props = props
+	runes := []rune(value)
+	buffer.AddRunes(runes, 0, len(runes))
+	buffer.GuessSegmentProperties()
+	buffer.Shape(f.shapeFont, features)
+	unit := size / float64(f.UnitsPerEm())
+	result := make([]ShapedGlyph, len(buffer.Info))
+	var x, y float64
+	for i, info := range buffer.Info {
+		if info.Glyph >= typefont.GID(f.NumGlyphs()) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid shaped glyph index %d", info.Glyph)
+		}
+		position := buffer.Pos[i]
+		result[i] = ShapedGlyph{Glyph: uint16(info.Glyph), Cluster: info.Cluster,
+			X: (x + float64(position.XOffset)) * unit, Y: -(y + float64(position.YOffset)) * unit,
+			Advance: float64(position.XAdvance) * unit}
+		if !finite(result[i].X) || !finite(result[i].Y) || !finite(result[i].Advance) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("shaped position exceeds finite range")
+		}
+		x += float64(position.XAdvance)
+		y += float64(position.YAdvance)
+	}
+	slices.SortStableFunc(result, func(a, b ShapedGlyph) int { return cmp.Compare(a.Cluster, b.Cluster) })
+	return result, nil
+}
+
 // UnitsPerEm 返回字体设计单位
 // 返回: uint16 每字单位数
 func (f *ggFontMetrics) UnitsPerEm() uint16 { return uint16(f.font.UnitsPerEm()) }
@@ -117,7 +230,49 @@ func (f *ggFontMetrics) GlyphOutline(glyph uint16, size float64) (GeometryPath,
 	if err != nil || outline == nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	result := make(GeometryPath, 0, len(outline.Segments)+1)
+	return ggOutlinePath(outline)
+}
+
+// GlyphOutlines 按指定编号批量提取轮廓，重复字形只解析一次
+// 入参: glyphs 字形编号, size 毫米字号
+// 返回: []GeometryPath 同序只读轮廓, error 轮廓解析错误
+func (f *ggFontMetrics) GlyphOutlines(glyphs []uint16, size float64) ([]GeometryPath, error) {
+	if !rasterPositive(size) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid glyph size")
+	}
+	for _, glyph := range glyphs {
+		if int(glyph) >= f.font.NumGlyphs() {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid glyph index %d", glyph)
+		}
+	}
+	result := make([]GeometryPath, len(glyphs))
+	paths := make(map[uint16]GeometryPath, len(glyphs))
+	for i, glyph := range glyphs {
+		path, ok := paths[glyph]
+		if !ok {
+			var err error
+			path, err = f.GlyphOutline(glyph, size)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			paths[glyph] = path
+		}
+		result[i] = path
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// ggOutlinePath 将GG轮廓转换为闭合的公共字形路径
+// 入参: outline GG字形轮廓
+// 返回: GeometryPath 公共路径, error 未知轮廓指令
+func ggOutlinePath(outline *ggtext.GlyphOutline) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	capacity := len(outline.Segments)
+	for _, segment := range outline.Segments {
+		if segment.Op == ggtext.OutlineOpMoveTo {
+			capacity++
+		}
+	}
+	result := make(GeometryPath, 0, capacity)
 	point := func(p ggtext.OutlinePoint) Point { return Point{X: float64(p.X), Y: float64(p.Y)} }
 	for _, s := range outline.Segments {
 		segment := GeometrySegment{End: point(s.Points[0])}
diff --git a/ofdgo_renderer_geom_gg.go b/ofdgo_renderer_geom_gg.go
index bb6e898..c59cd94 100644
--- a/ofdgo_renderer_geom_gg.go
+++ b/ofdgo_renderer_geom_gg.go
@@ -15,16 +15,15 @@
 package ofdgo
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/gogpu/gg"
 )
 
-// GGGeometryBackend 使用GG处理贝塞尔边界和变换，其他运算由显式配置的几何后端承担
-// GeometryBackend不可为空，椭圆弧保持精确表示，不为接入GG而预先离散化
+// GGGeometryBackend 使用公共边界、变换和描边，区域运算由显式配置的几何后端承担
+// 未配置GeometryBackend时仍可独立处理路径、曲线和描边
 type GGGeometryBackend struct{ GeometryBackend }
 
-// Path 解析库自有路径并使用GG几何变换，不经过Canvas路径构建器
+// Path 解析库自有路径并使用公共几何变换
 // 入参: object 路径对象
 // 返回: GeometryPath 页面路径, error 参数或变换错误
 func (b GGGeometryBackend) Path(object PathObject) (GeometryPath, error) {
@@ -33,7 +32,12 @@ func (b GGGeometryBackend) Path(object PathObject) (GeometryPath, error) {
 
 // Name 返回实际几何提供者组合
 // 返回: string 后端组合标识
-func (b GGGeometryBackend) Name() string { return "gg+" + backendName(b.GeometryBackend) }
+func (b GGGeometryBackend) Name() string {
+	if b.GeometryBackend == nil {
+		return "gg"
+	}
+	return "gg+" + backendName(b.GeometryBackend)
+}
 
 // Curves 使用公共弧线转换，不调用组合几何后端
 // 入参: path 页面路径
@@ -42,97 +46,93 @@ func (b GGGeometryBackend) Curves(path GeometryPath) (GeometryPath, error) {
 	return path.Curves(.0001)
 }
 
-// Bounds 使用GG计算贝塞尔曲线极值，椭圆弧交给配置的几何后端
+// Bounds 使用公共解析极值，不依赖组合几何后端
 // 入参: path 页面路径
-// 返回: Box 精确范围, error 路径或能力错误
+// 返回: Box 受浮点舍入影响的解析范围, error 路径或数值错误
 func (b GGGeometryBackend) Bounds(path GeometryPath) (Box, error) {
-	for _, s := range path {
-		if s.Verb == GeometryArc {
-			if b.GeometryBackend == nil {
-				return Box{}, ErrBackendUnavailable
-			}
-			return b.GeometryBackend.Bounds(path)
-		}
-	}
-	p, err := ggGeometryPath(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return Box{}, err
-	}
-	if len(path) == 0 {
-		return Box{}, nil
-	}
-	box := p.BoundingBox()
-	return Box{X: box.Min.X, Y: box.Min.Y, W: box.Max.X - box.Min.X, H: box.Max.Y - box.Min.Y}, nil
+	return path.Bounds()
 }
 
-// Transform 使用GG变换控制点，椭圆弧交给配置的几何后端保持弧线参数
+// Transform 使用公共仿射变换，保持椭圆弧和退化投影的折返
 // 入参: path 页面路径, matrix 页面变换
 // 返回: GeometryPath 新路径, error 路径或变换错误
 func (b GGGeometryBackend) Transform(path GeometryPath, matrix Matrix) (GeometryPath, error) {
-	for _, v := range matrix.Values() {
-		if !finite(v) {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid geometry transform")
-		}
-	}
-	for _, s := range path {
-		if s.Verb == GeometryArc {
-			if b.GeometryBackend == nil {
-				return nil, ErrBackendUnavailable
-			}
-			return b.GeometryBackend.Transform(path, matrix)
-		}
-	}
-	p, err := ggGeometryPath(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return geometryFromGG(p.Transform(gg.Matrix{A: matrix.a, B: matrix.c, C: matrix.e, D: matrix.b, E: matrix.d, F: matrix.f})), nil
+	return path.Transform(matrix)
 }
 
-// ggGeometryPath 转换贝塞尔路径，不舍入控制点或静默略过指令
-// 入参: path 库路径
-// 返回: *gg.Path GG路径, error 不支持的路径指令
-func ggGeometryPath(path GeometryPath) (*gg.Path, error) {
-	p := gg.NewPath()
-	for _, s := range path {
-		switch s.Verb {
-		case GeometryMove:
-			p.MoveTo(s.End.X, s.End.Y)
-		case GeometryLine:
-			p.LineTo(s.End.X, s.End.Y)
-		case GeometryQuad:
-			p.QuadraticTo(s.Control1.X, s.Control1.Y, s.End.X, s.End.Y)
-		case GeometryCubic:
-			p.CubicTo(s.Control1.X, s.Control1.Y, s.Control2.X, s.Control2.Y, s.End.X, s.End.Y)
-		case GeometryClose:
-			p.Close()
-		default:
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported GG geometry command %d", s.Verb)
+// Stroke 为后续区域运算提供描边轮廓，复杂轮廓交给显式补充后端
+// 仅单条实线平头描边的公共轮廓无重叠，其他分片不能可靠进入补充后端的布尔运算
+// 无补充后端时仍返回公共非零填充轮廓，但不提供区域运算能力
+// 入参: path 页面路径, options 描边样式
+// 返回: GeometryPath 非零填充轮廓, error 参数或精度限制错误
+func (b GGGeometryBackend) Stroke(path GeometryPath, options StrokeOptions) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	if b.GeometryBackend != nil && !geometrySimpleStroke(path, options) {
+		if err := path.validate(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
+		if err := validateStroke(options); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return b.GeometryBackend.Stroke(path, options)
 	}
-	return p, nil
+	return b.strokeFill(path, options)
 }
 
-// geometryFromGG 返回库自有路径，不保留GG对象
-// 入参: path GG路径
-// 返回: GeometryPath 库路径
-func geometryFromGG(path *gg.Path) GeometryPath {
-	var result GeometryPath
-	path.Iterate(func(verb gg.PathVerb, p []float64) {
-		s := GeometrySegment{}
-		switch verb {
-		case gg.MoveTo:
-			s.Verb, s.End = GeometryMove, Point{p[0], p[1]}
-		case gg.LineTo:
-			s.Verb, s.End = GeometryLine, Point{p[0], p[1]}
-		case gg.QuadTo:
-			s.Verb, s.Control1, s.End = GeometryQuad, Point{p[0], p[1]}, Point{p[2], p[3]}
-		case gg.CubicTo:
-			s.Verb, s.Control1, s.Control2, s.End = GeometryCubic, Point{p[0], p[1]}, Point{p[2], p[3]}, Point{p[4], p[5]}
-		case gg.Close:
-			s.Verb = GeometryClose
-		}
-		result = append(result, s)
-	})
-	return result
+// strokeFill 仅供直接填充使用公共展开，不将重叠轮廓送入布尔运算
+// 入参: path 页面路径, options 描边样式
+// 返回: GeometryPath 非零填充轮廓, error 参数或能力错误
+func (b GGGeometryBackend) strokeFill(path GeometryPath, options StrokeOptions) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	outline, err := path.Stroke(options)
+	if errors.Is(err, ErrBackendUnavailable) && b.GeometryBackend != nil {
+		return b.GeometryBackend.Stroke(path, options)
+	}
+	return outline, err
+}
+
+// geometrySimpleStroke 判断公共描边是否保证生成单个无重叠矩形
+// 入参: path 路径, options 描边样式
+// 返回: bool 是否可直接参与区域运算
+func geometrySimpleStroke(path GeometryPath, options StrokeOptions) bool {
+	return len(path) == 2 && path[0].Verb == GeometryMove && path[1].Verb == GeometryLine &&
+		(options.Cap == "" || options.Cap == "Butt") && len(options.Dashes) == 0
+}
+
+// Region 将区域解析交给显式提供者，缺失能力时返回错误
+// 入参: region 区域, matrix 页面变换
+// 返回: GeometryPath 区域路径, error 能力或解析错误
+func (b GGGeometryBackend) Region(region *Region, matrix Matrix) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	if b.GeometryBackend == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GG region geometry: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+	}
+	return b.GeometryBackend.Region(region, matrix)
+}
+
+// Normalize 将填充规则整理交给显式提供者
+// 入参: path 路径, evenOdd 是否采用奇偶规则
+// 返回: GeometryPath 非零填充轮廓, error 能力或几何错误
+func (b GGGeometryBackend) Normalize(path GeometryPath, evenOdd bool) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	if b.GeometryBackend == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GG normalize geometry: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+	}
+	return b.GeometryBackend.Normalize(path, evenOdd)
+}
+
+// Combine 将布尔运算交给显式提供者
+// 入参: left、right 操作数, operation 运算类型
+// 返回: GeometryPath 结果路径, error 能力或几何错误
+func (b GGGeometryBackend) Combine(left, right GeometryPath, operation GeometryOperation) (GeometryPath, error) {
+	if b.GeometryBackend == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GG boolean geometry: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+	}
+	return b.GeometryBackend.Combine(left, right, operation)
+}
+
+// Clip 将裁剪解析交给显式提供者
+// 入参: renderer 渲染器, clips 裁剪, matrix 页面变换, parent 父裁剪
+// 返回: *GeometryPath 裁剪路径, error 能力或几何错误
+func (b GGGeometryBackend) Clip(renderer *Renderer, clips *Clips, matrix Matrix, parent *GeometryPath) (*GeometryPath, error) {
+	if b.GeometryBackend == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GG clip geometry: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+	}
+	return b.GeometryBackend.Clip(renderer, clips, matrix, parent)
 }
diff --git a/ofdgo_renderer_gg.go b/ofdgo_renderer_gg.go
index 0cc2bfe..81c9429 100644
--- a/ofdgo_renderer_gg.go
+++ b/ofdgo_renderer_gg.go
@@ -35,24 +35,71 @@ func (GGBackend) Name() string { return "gg" }
 // 入参: page 只读页面
 // 返回: RasterScene 可重复绘制场景, error 准备错误
 func (b GGBackend) Prepare(page *RasterPage) (RasterScene, error) {
-	w, h, err := page.PixelSize()
-	if err != nil {
+	return b.prepareShared(page, nil)
+}
+
+// PrepareReuse 复用同配置GG场景的派生数据，其他后端场景不参与复用
+// 入参: page 新页面, previous 前次场景
+// 返回: RasterScene 独立快照, error 准备错误
+func (b GGBackend) PrepareReuse(page *RasterPage, previous RasterScene) (RasterScene, error) {
+	scene, _ := previous.(*ggRasterScene)
+	return b.prepareShared(page, scene)
+}
+
+// prepareShared 为新快照复用同配置的派生缓存，不改变旧快照
+// 入参: page 新页面, previous 前次同渲染器场景
+// 返回: *ggRasterScene 独立场景, error 准备错误
+func (b GGBackend) prepareShared(page *RasterPage, previous *ggRasterScene) (*ggRasterScene, error) {
+	scene := &ggRasterScene{
+		mu:       &sync.Mutex{},
+		backend:  b,
+		masks:    &renderCache[[32]byte, *image.Alpha]{limit: 16 << 20},
+		prepared: &renderCache[[32]byte, ggRasterCommand]{limit: 16 << 20},
+		images:   &renderCache[image.Image, *gg.ImageBuf]{limit: 16 << 20},
+	}
+	if previous != nil && sameBackend(b.StrokeGeometry, previous.backend.StrokeGeometry) {
+		scene.mu, scene.masks, scene.prepared, scene.images = previous.mu, previous.masks, previous.prepared, previous.images
+	}
+	if err := scene.Update(page); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	return scene, nil
+}
+
+// Update 按内容复用未编辑的指令，成功后原子替换场景快照
+// 入参: page 编辑后的只读页面
+// 返回: error 准备错误，失败时保留原场景
+func (scene *ggRasterScene) Update(page *RasterPage) error {
+	scene.mu.Lock()
+	defer scene.mu.Unlock()
+	w, h, err := page.PixelSize()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	page = cloneRasterPage(page)
-	scene := &ggRasterScene{page: page, width: w, height: h, masks: renderCache[[32]byte, *image.Alpha]{limit: 16 << 20}}
+	commands := make([]ggRasterCommand, 0, len(page.Commands))
 	for i, cmd := range page.Commands {
-		if cmd.Stroke != nil && !ggNativeStroke(cmd, page.DPI/25.4) {
-			cmd, err = b.expandStroke(cmd)
+		if cmd.Image != nil {
+			cmd.Stroke = nil
+			prepared, err := ggPrepareImage(page, cmd, scene.masks, scene.images)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: %w", i, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: %w", i, err)
+			}
+			commands = append(commands, prepared)
+			continue
+		}
+		key := rasterCommandKey(page, cmd)
+		if prepared, ok := scene.prepared.get(key); ok {
+			commands = append(commands, prepared)
+			continue
+		}
+		if cmd.Stroke != nil && !ggNativeStroke(cmd, page.DPI/25.4) {
+			cmd, err = scene.backend.expandStroke(cmd)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: %w", i, err)
 			}
 		}
 		m := page.PixelTransform(cmd.Transform, h)
-		if cmd.Image != nil {
-			scene.commands = append(scene.commands, ggRasterCommand{command: cmd})
-			continue
-		}
 		path := gg.NewPath()
 		for _, s := range cmd.Path {
 			end, c1, c2 := m.Apply(s.End), m.Apply(s.Control1), m.Apply(s.Control2)
@@ -68,31 +115,25 @@ func (b GGBackend) Prepare(page *RasterPage) (RasterScene, error) {
 			case RasterClose:
 				path.Close()
 			default:
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: unsupported path verb %d", i, s.Verb)
+				return fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: unsupported path verb %d", i, s.Verb)
 			}
 		}
 		paint := gg.NewPaint()
 		paint.SetFillBrush(gg.SolidBrush{Color: ggRGBA(cmd.Paint.Color)})
 		if g := cmd.Paint.Gradient; g != nil {
-			if g.Kind != RasterLinear && g.Kind != RasterRadial {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: unsupported gradient %d", i, g.Kind)
-			}
-			inverse, err := m.Inverse()
+			brush, err := ggGradientBrush(g, m)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: %w", i, err)
+				return fmt.Errorf("gg command %d: %w", i, err)
 			}
-			paint.SetFillBrush(gg.NewCustomBrush(func(x, y float64) gg.RGBA {
-				p := inverse.Apply(RasterPoint{X: x, Y: y})
-				return ggRGBA(g.At(p.X, p.Y))
-			}))
+			paint.SetFillBrush(brush)
 		}
 		if cmd.EvenOdd && cmd.Stroke == nil {
 			paint.FillRule = gg.FillRuleEvenOdd
 		}
 		if cmd.Clip != nil {
-			mask, err := rasterClipMask(GGBackend{}, page, cmd.Clip, &scene.masks)
+			mask, err := rasterClipMask(GGBackend{}, page, cmd.Clip, scene.masks)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return err
 			}
 			if mask.Rect.Empty() {
 				continue
@@ -103,14 +144,17 @@ func (b GGBackend) Prepare(page *RasterPage) (RasterScene, error) {
 		if cmd.Stroke != nil {
 			style, err := ggStroke(*cmd.Stroke, page.DPI/25.4)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return err
 			}
 			paint.SetStroke(style)
 			paint.SetStrokeBrush(paint.FillBrush())
 		}
-		scene.commands = append(scene.commands, ggRasterCommand{command: cmd, path: path, paint: paint})
+		prepared := ggRasterCommand{command: cmd, path: path, paint: paint}
+		scene.prepared.put(key, prepared, rasterCommandCost(cmd)+len(paint.ClipMask))
+		commands = append(commands, prepared)
 	}
-	return scene, nil
+	scene.page, scene.width, scene.height, scene.commands = page, w, h, commands
+	return nil
 }
 
 // ggRasterCommand 保存已转换的像素路径和样式
@@ -122,11 +166,14 @@ type ggRasterCommand struct {
 
 // ggRasterScene 复用路径和局部裁剪，串行保护掩码缓存
 type ggRasterScene struct {
-	mu            sync.Mutex
+	mu            *sync.Mutex
+	backend       GGBackend
 	page          *RasterPage
 	width, height int
 	commands      []ggRasterCommand
-	masks         renderCache[[32]byte, *image.Alpha]
+	masks         *renderCache[[32]byte, *image.Alpha]
+	prepared      *renderCache[[32]byte, ggRasterCommand]
+	images        *renderCache[image.Image, *gg.ImageBuf]
 }
 
 // Render 绘制独立像素缓冲，不累积上次内容
@@ -140,8 +187,8 @@ func (s *ggRasterScene) Render() (image.Image, error) {
 	for i, cmd := range s.commands {
 		var err error
 		switch {
-		case cmd.command.Image != nil:
-			err = drawRasterImageCommand(GGBackend{}, s.page, img, imagePixelSource(cmd.command.Image), cmd.command, &s.masks)
+		case cmd.command.Image != nil && cmd.path == nil:
+			err = drawRasterImageCommand(GGBackend{}, s.page, img, imagePixelSource(cmd.command.Image), cmd.command, s.masks)
 		case cmd.command.Stroke != nil:
 			err = raster.Stroke(pixmap, cmd.path, cmd.paint)
 		default:
diff --git a/ofdgo_renderer_gradient_gg.go b/ofdgo_renderer_gradient_gg.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86c59f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ofdgo_renderer_gradient_gg.go
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Copyright 2025-2026 肖其顿 (XIAO QI DUN)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ofdgo
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"image/color"
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/gogpu/gg"
+)
+
+// ggGradientBrush 仅在颜色插值及延伸等价时使用原生渐变，否则保留OFD采样
+// 入参: gradient 局部渐变, matrix 局部到像素变换
+// 返回: gg.Brush 画刷, error 类型或变换错误
+func ggGradientBrush(gradient *RasterGradient, matrix RasterMatrix) (gg.Brush, error) {
+	if gradient.Kind != RasterLinear && gradient.Kind != RasterRadial {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported gradient %d", gradient.Kind)
+	}
+	inverse, err := matrix.Inverse()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if brush := ggNativeGradient(gradient, matrix, inverse); brush != nil {
+		return brush, nil
+	}
+	return gg.NewCustomBrush(func(x, y float64) gg.RGBA {
+		p := inverse.Apply(RasterPoint{X: x, Y: y})
+		return ggRGBA(gradient.At(p.X, p.Y))
+	}), nil
+}
+
+// ggNativeGradient 将恒定非预乘色的透明度渐变映射为GG原生画刷
+// GG使用线性光颜色插值，不接受改变色相、重复节点或单侧透明延伸的OFD渐变
+// 入参: g 局部渐变, matrix 正变换, inverse 逆变换
+// 返回: gg.Brush 等价原生画刷，不匹配时为空
+func ggNativeGradient(g *RasterGradient, matrix, inverse RasterMatrix) gg.Brush {
+	if len(g.Stops) < 2 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var reference color.RGBA
+	for i, stop := range g.Stops {
+		if !finite(stop.Offset) || stop.Offset < 0 || stop.Offset > 1 || i > 0 && stop.Offset <= g.Stops[i-1].Offset {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if stop.Color.A > reference.A {
+			reference = stop.Color
+		}
+	}
+	if reference.A == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, stop := range g.Stops {
+		c := stop.Color
+		if uint32(c.R)*uint32(reference.A) != uint32(reference.R)*uint32(c.A) ||
+			uint32(c.G)*uint32(reference.A) != uint32(reference.G)*uint32(c.A) ||
+			uint32(c.B)*uint32(reference.A) != uint32(reference.B)*uint32(c.A) {
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	extend, period := gg.ExtendPad, 1.0
+	if spread := g.Spread; spread != nil {
+		if spread.Extend != 3 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		switch spread.MapType {
+		case "Repeat":
+			extend = gg.ExtendRepeat
+		case "Reflect":
+			extend = gg.ExtendReflect
+		}
+		if extend != gg.ExtendPad && spread.Period > 0 {
+			period = spread.Period
+		}
+	}
+	stops := make([]gg.ColorStop, len(g.Stops))
+	for i, stop := range g.Stops {
+		c := ggRGBA(reference)
+		c.A = float64(stop.Color.A) / 255
+		stops[i] = gg.ColorStop{Offset: stop.Offset, Color: c}
+	}
+	start := matrix.Apply(g.Start)
+	if g.Kind == RasterLinear {
+		dx, dy := g.End.X-g.Start.X, g.End.Y-g.Start.Y
+		length := dx*dx + dy*dy
+		if !rasterPositive(length) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		// 渐变参数为协向量，非等比缩放或错切不能直接变换两个端点
+		x, y := (inverse[0]*dx+inverse[1]*dy)/length, (inverse[2]*dx+inverse[3]*dy)/length
+		factor := period / (x*x + y*y)
+		brush := gg.NewLinearGradientBrush(start.X, start.Y, start.X+x*factor, start.Y+y*factor)
+		brush.Stops, brush.Extend = stops, extend
+		return brush
+	}
+	xscale, yscale := math.Hypot(matrix[0], matrix[1]), math.Hypot(matrix[2], matrix[3])
+	if g.Start != g.End || g.R0 != 0 || !rasterPositive(g.R1) ||
+		math.Abs(xscale-yscale) > 1e-12*xscale || math.Abs(matrix[0]*matrix[2]+matrix[1]*matrix[3]) > 1e-12*xscale*yscale {
+		return nil
+	}
+	brush := gg.NewRadialGradientBrush(start.X, start.Y, 0, g.R1*xscale*period)
+	brush.Stops, brush.Extend = stops, extend
+	return brush
+}
diff --git a/ofdgo_renderer_image_gg.go b/ofdgo_renderer_image_gg.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..478a30d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ofdgo_renderer_image_gg.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// Copyright 2025-2026 肖其顿 (XIAO QI DUN)
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package ofdgo
+
+import (
+	"image"
+	"math"
+
+	"github.com/gogpu/gg"
+)
+
+// ggNativeImage 判断GG最近邻采样与公共高质量采样是否等价
+// 仅接受整数像素平移及不会重复预乘的八位图片，缩放、错切和旋转沿用公共路径
+// 入参: src 源像素, matrix 像素变换
+// 返回: bool 是否可使用原生图片
+func ggNativeImage(src image.Image, matrix RasterMatrix) bool {
+	if matrix[0] != 1 || matrix[1] != 0 || matrix[2] != 0 || matrix[3] != 1 ||
+		!finite(matrix[4]) || !finite(matrix[5]) || matrix[4] != math.Trunc(matrix[4]) || matrix[5] != math.Trunc(matrix[5]) || src.Bounds().Empty() {
+		return false
+	}
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case *image.NRGBA, *image.Gray:
+		return true
+	case *image.RGBA:
+		return src.Opaque()
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// ggPrepareImage 复用GG图片采样器和裁剪，不能等价采样时保留公共图像指令
+// 工厂方法只构造采样器，不创建上下文设备或调用可能隐藏错误的DrawImageEx
+// 入参: page 页面, command 图片指令, masks 裁剪缓存, images 图片适配缓存
+// 返回: ggRasterCommand 预编译图片, error 裁剪错误
+func ggPrepareImage(page *RasterPage, command RasterCommand, masks *renderCache[[32]byte, *image.Alpha], images *renderCache[image.Image, *gg.ImageBuf]) (ggRasterCommand, error) {
+	result := ggRasterCommand{command: command}
+	_, height, _ := page.PixelSize()
+	matrix := page.PixelTransform(command.Transform, height)
+	src := imagePixelSource(command.Image)
+	if !ggNativeImage(src, matrix) {
+		return result, nil
+	}
+	buffer, ok := images.get(src)
+	if !ok {
+		buffer = gg.ImageBufFromImage(src)
+		images.put(src, buffer, src.Bounds().Dx()*src.Bounds().Dy()*4+256)
+	}
+	bounds := src.Bounds()
+	x, y := matrix[4]+float64(bounds.Min.X), matrix[5]+float64(bounds.Min.Y)
+	pattern := new(gg.Context).CreateImagePattern(buffer, 0, 0, bounds.Dx(), bounds.Dy()).(*gg.ImagePattern)
+	pattern.SetClamp(true)
+	pattern.SetTransform(gg.Translate(x, y))
+	paint := gg.NewPaint()
+	paint.SetFillBrush(gg.BrushFromPattern(pattern))
+	if command.Clip != nil {
+		mask, err := rasterClipMask(GGBackend{}, page, command.Clip, masks)
+		if err != nil {
+			return result, err
+		}
+		if mask.Rect.Empty() {
+			result.path, result.paint = gg.NewPath(), paint
+			return result, nil
+		}
+		paint.ClipMask, paint.ClipMaskW, paint.ClipMaskH = mask.Pix, mask.Stride, mask.Rect.Dy()
+		paint.ClipMaskX, paint.ClipMaskY = mask.Rect.Min.X, mask.Rect.Min.Y
+	}
+	path := gg.NewPath()
+	path.MoveTo(x, y)
+	path.LineTo(x+float64(bounds.Dx()), y)
+	path.LineTo(x+float64(bounds.Dx()), y+float64(bounds.Dy()))
+	path.LineTo(x, y+float64(bounds.Dy()))
+	path.Close()
+	result.path, result.paint = path, paint
+	return result, nil
+}
diff --git a/ofdgo_renderer_stroke_gg.go b/ofdgo_renderer_stroke_gg.go
index e4aa858..4f0cfd3 100644
--- a/ofdgo_renderer_stroke_gg.go
+++ b/ofdgo_renderer_stroke_gg.go
@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ package ofdgo
 
 import "fmt"
 
+// ggStrokeFiller 将仅用于光栅填充的描边与可参与区域运算的轮廓分开
+type ggStrokeFiller interface {
+	strokeFill(path GeometryPath, options StrokeOptions) (GeometryPath, error)
+}
+
 // ggNativeStroke 判断GG当前可保真处理的描边范围
 // 入参: command 描边指令, scale 每毫米像素数
 // 返回: bool 是否可使用原生描边
@@ -63,7 +68,11 @@ func (b GGBackend) expandStroke(command RasterCommand) (RasterCommand, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return RasterCommand{}, err
 	}
-	path, err = b.StrokeGeometry.Stroke(path, *command.Stroke)
+	if filler, ok := b.StrokeGeometry.(ggStrokeFiller); ok {
+		path, err = filler.strokeFill(path, *command.Stroke)
+	} else {
+		path, err = b.StrokeGeometry.Stroke(path, *command.Stroke)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return RasterCommand{}, err
 	}
diff --git a/ofdgo_shape.go b/ofdgo_shape.go
index 0e5e0e6..894eec0 100644
--- a/ofdgo_shape.go
+++ b/ofdgo_shape.go
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Outline 使用默认几何后端获取SVG轮廓，自定义后端使用Renderer.PathOutline
-// 入参: p 路径对象
 // 返回: string SVG路径数据, error 错误信息
 func (p PathObject) Outline() (string, error) {
 	r := &Renderer{backends: defaultRenderBackends()}
diff --git a/ofdgo_sign_sm3.go b/ofdgo_sign_sm3.go
index c319fcc..a27c820 100644
--- a/ofdgo_sign_sm3.go
+++ b/ofdgo_sign_sm3.go
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ func (d *sm3Digest) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	return nn, nil
 }
 
-// Sum 返回SM3杂凑值
+// Sum 将SM3杂凑值追加到前缀数据后，不改变当前状态
 // 入参: in 前缀数据
-// 返回: []byte 杂凑值
+// 返回: []byte 前缀数据及杂凑值
 func (d *sm3Digest) Sum(in []byte) []byte {
 	dd := *d
 	hash := dd.checkSum()
diff --git a/ofdgo_text_layout.go b/ofdgo_text_layout.go
index 1585ed8..d05e619 100644
--- a/ofdgo_text_layout.go
+++ b/ofdgo_text_layout.go
@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ import (
 // 入参: obj 文字对象, value 原文, options 段落排版选项, metrics 字体度量
 // 返回: error 错误信息
 func LayoutText(obj *TextObject, value string, options TextLayout, metrics FontMetrics) error {
+	if obj == nil || metrics == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("text object and font metrics are required")
+	}
 	if metrics.UnitsPerEm() == 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("font units per em must be positive")
 	}
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ func LayoutText(obj *TextObject, value string, options TextLayout, metrics FontM
 	if lineHeight == 0 {
 		lineHeight = math.Max(obj.Size, float64(int(ascender)+int(descender)+int(gap))*unit)
 	}
-	if options.Shape {
+	if options.Shape || options.Shaping != (TextShapeOptions{}) {
 		return layoutShapedText(obj, value, options, metrics, width, lineHeight, hScale, float64(ascender)*unit)
 	}
 	var codes []TextCode
diff --git a/ofdgo_text_shape.go b/ofdgo_text_shape.go
index 88720a1..8363a69 100644
--- a/ofdgo_text_shape.go
+++ b/ofdgo_text_shape.go
@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/go-text/typesetting/segmenter"
 )
 
+// configuredTextShaper 将会话选项传递给每次换行后的塑形
+type configuredTextShaper struct {
+	FontShaperOptions
+	options TextShapeOptions
+}
+
 // layoutShapedText 将显式塑形结果保存为标准文字定位，成功前不修改对象
 // 入参: obj 文字对象, value 原文, options 排版选项, metrics 字体度量, width 行宽, lineHeight 行高, hScale 横向比例, baseline 首行基线
 // 返回: error 塑形或排版错误
@@ -31,12 +37,19 @@ func layoutShapedText(obj *TextObject, value string, options TextLayout, metrics
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("font shaping: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
 	}
+	if options.Shaping != (TextShapeOptions{}) {
+		configured, ok := metrics.(FontShaperOptions)
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("font shaping options: %w", ErrBackendUnavailable)
+		}
+		shaper = configuredTextShaper{FontShaperOptions: configured, options: options.Shaping}
+	}
 	var codes []TextCode
 	var transforms []CGTransform
 	offset := 0
 	for _, paragraph := range strings.Split(value, "\n") {
 		runes := []rune(paragraph)
-		_, advances, err := shapeTextLine(shaper, runes, obj.Font, obj.Size, hScale, options.LetterSpacing)
+		paragraphGlyphs, advances, err := shapeTextLine(shaper, runes, obj.Font, obj.Size, hScale, options.LetterSpacing)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -48,9 +61,12 @@ func layoutShapedText(obj *TextObject, value string, options TextLayout, metrics
 				indent = options.FirstLineIndent
 			}
 			available := width - indent
-			glyphs, lineAdvances, err := shapeTextLine(shaper, runes[line[0]:line[1]], obj.Font, obj.Size, hScale, options.LetterSpacing)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+			glyphs, lineAdvances := paragraphGlyphs, advances
+			if line[0] != 0 || line[1] != len(runes) {
+				glyphs, lineAdvances, err = shapeTextLine(shaper, runes[line[0]:line[1]], obj.Font, obj.Size, hScale, options.LetterSpacing)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
 			for options.Wrap && shapedLineWidth(runes[line[0]:line[1]], lineAdvances, options.LetterSpacing) > available {
 				var seg segmenter.Segmenter
@@ -77,6 +93,11 @@ func layoutShapedText(obj *TextObject, value string, options TextLayout, metrics
 			}
 			chars := runes[line[0]:line[1]]
 			x, delta := alignTextLine(chars, lineAdvances, available, options.Align, i+1 < len(lines), options.LetterSpacing)
+			if options.Shaping.Direction == "rtl" {
+				for j := len(chars) - 1; j >= 0 && chars[j] == ' '; j-- {
+					x -= lineAdvances[j]
+				}
+			}
 			x += options.LeftIndent + indent
 			y := baseline + float64(len(codes))*lineHeight
 			if !finite(x) || !finite(y) {
@@ -99,7 +120,12 @@ func layoutShapedText(obj *TextObject, value string, options TextLayout, metrics
 			var dx, dy []string
 			var lastX, lastY float64
 			for j, glyph := range glyphs {
-				gx, gy := x+glyph.X*hScale+extra[glyph.Cluster], y+glyph.Y
+				shift := extra[glyph.Cluster]
+				if options.Shaping.Direction == "rtl" {
+					// 逻辑簇后的间距位于视觉左侧，整行不计末尾字距
+					shift = extra[len(chars)] - extra[glyph.Cluster] - options.LetterSpacing
+				}
+				gx, gy := x+glyph.X*hScale+shift, y+glyph.Y
 				if !finite(gx) || !finite(gy) {
 					return fmt.Errorf("shaped position exceeds finite range")
 				}
@@ -136,6 +162,13 @@ func layoutShapedText(obj *TextObject, value string, options TextLayout, metrics
 	return nil
 }
 
+// ShapeText 使用固定选项塑形单行原文
+// 入参: value 原文, size 毫米字号
+// 返回: []ShapedGlyph 字形, error 塑形错误
+func (s configuredTextShaper) ShapeText(value string, size float64) ([]ShapedGlyph, error) {
+	return s.ShapeTextWithOptions(value, size, s.options)
+}
+
 // shapeTextLine 检查可选后端的簇映射，按原文字符分配塑形步进
 // 入参: shaper 字体塑形器, runes 单行字符, font 字体标识, size 字号, scale 横向比例, spacing 字距
 // 返回: []ShapedGlyph 字形, []float64 含字距的字符步进, error 塑形错误
@@ -150,17 +183,11 @@ func shapeTextLine(shaper FontShaper, runes []rune, font string, size, scale, sp
 	advances := make([]float64, len(runes))
 	var missing []rune
 	for i, glyph := range glyphs {
-		if glyph.Cluster < 0 || glyph.Cluster >= len(runes) || i > 0 && glyph.Cluster < glyphs[i-1].Cluster || !finite(glyph.X) || !finite(glyph.Y) || !finite(glyph.Advance) {
+		if glyph.Cluster < 0 || glyph.Cluster >= len(runes) || i > 0 && glyph.Cluster < glyphs[i-1].Cluster || glyph.Glyph >= shaper.NumGlyphs() || !finite(glyph.X) || !finite(glyph.Y) || !finite(glyph.Advance) {
 			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid shaped glyph")
 		}
-		if glyph.Glyph == 0 {
-			missing = append(missing, runes[glyph.Cluster])
-		}
 		advances[glyph.Cluster] += glyph.Advance * scale
 	}
-	if err := missingGlyphError(font, missing); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
 	for i := 0; i < len(glyphs); {
 		end := i + 1
 		for end < len(glyphs) && glyphs[end].Cluster == glyphs[i].Cluster {
@@ -171,12 +198,26 @@ func shapeTextLine(shaper FontShaper, runes []rune, font string, size, scale, sp
 			next = glyphs[end].Cluster
 		}
 		start := glyphs[i].Cluster
+		if slices.ContainsFunc(glyphs[i:end], func(glyph ShapedGlyph) bool { return glyph.Glyph == 0 }) {
+			before := len(missing)
+			for _, char := range runes[start:next] {
+				if shaper.GlyphIndex(char) == 0 {
+					missing = append(missing, char)
+				}
+			}
+			if len(missing) == before {
+				missing = append(missing, runes[start:next]...)
+			}
+		}
 		advance := advances[start] / float64(next-start)
 		for j := start; j < next; j++ {
 			advances[j] = advance
 		}
 		i = end
 	}
+	if err := missingGlyphError(font, missing); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
 	spaceTextAdvances(runes, advances, spacing)
 	if slices.ContainsFunc(advances, func(value float64) bool { return !finite(value) }) {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("shaped advance exceeds finite range")
diff --git a/ofdgo_writer.go b/ofdgo_writer.go
index 0be8703..d34b400 100644
--- a/ofdgo_writer.go
+++ b/ofdgo_writer.go
@@ -263,10 +263,10 @@ func (e *Editor) writeParts(write func(string, []byte, bool) error, progress edi
 		}
 		x.end("CommonData")
 		x.start("Pages", nil)
-		for i, page := range e.pages {
+		for _, page := range e.pages {
 			var attrs ofdAttrs
 			attrs.add("ID", page.ID)
-			attrs.add("BaseLoc", fmt.Sprintf("Pages/%d/Content.xml", i+1))
+			attrs.add("BaseLoc", packagePagePath("", page.ID))
 			x.start("Page", attrs)
 			x.end("Page")
 		}
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ func (e *Editor) writeParts(write func(string, []byte, bool) error, progress edi
 		if err := progress.report("pages", i, len(e.pages)); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		name := fmt.Sprintf("Doc_0/Pages/%d/Content.xml", i+1)
+		name := packagePagePath(e.packageDirectory(), page.ID)
 		if len(e.origins) == 0 {
 			if err := writeXML(name, func(x *ofdXML) { x.page(page) }); err != nil {
 				return err